Time in Range, as a Novel Metric of Glycemic Control, Is Reversely Associated with Presence of Diabetic Cardiovascular Autonomic Neuropathy Independent of HbA1c in Chinese Type 2 Diabetes

Table 1

The Clinical characteristics among every stage of CAN groups.

	Absent CAN	Early CAN	Manifest CAN	Severe CAN
	83	145	109	12	—	—
Age (y)					9.687	<0.001
Diabetes duration (y)	4.0 (1.0, 10.0)	4.0 (0.8, 10.0)	10.0 (5.0, 16.5)	9.5 (1.3, 18)	31.007	<0.001
Male (, %)	(51, 61.45)	(105, 72.41)	(66, 60.55)	(6, 50.00)	6.110	0.106
Smoking (, %)	(33, 39.76)	(52, 35.86)	(42, 38.53)	(4, 33.33)	0.485	0.922
Retinopathy (, %)	(16, 19.28)	(33, 22.76)	(40, 36.70)	(5, 41.67)	10.360	0.016
SBP (mmHg)					3.951	0.009
DBP (mmHg)					1.379	0.249
BUN (mmol/L)					8.158	<0.001
SCr (μmol/L)	55 (45, 68)	56 (45, 66)	58 (46, 83)	46 (40, 52)	6.244	0.100
TC (mmol/L)					1.488	0.218
TG (mmol/L)	1.70 (1.10, 2.64)	1.51 (1.05, 2.40)	1.56 (0.97, 2.02)	2.38 (1.96, 4.13)	8.404	0.038
HDL (mmol/L)	0.99 (0.88, 1.19)	1.04 (0.90, 1.18)	1.04 (0.89, 1.26)	1.01 (0.73, 1.22)	1.558	0.669
LDL (mmol/L)	2.74 (2.07, 3.38)	2.77 (2.26, 3.32)	2.60 (1.89, 3.37)	2.70 (1.71, 3.35)	1.090	0.780
FBG (mmol/L)					9.569	<0.001
BMI					0.540	0.655
HbA1C (%)					2.581	0.053
TIR (3.9-10 mmol/L) (%)	75.15 (48.92, 90.49)	72.60 (52.18, 84.29)	53.23 (33.24, 69.98)	33.44 (1.57, 75.28)	35.487	<0.001
SD (mmol/L)	2.03 (1.50, 2.62)	2.09 (1.70, 2.72)	2.42 (2.02, 3.27)	2.53 (2.08, 2.95)	16.055	0.001
MAGE (mmol/L)	1.08 (0.86, 1.59)	1.10 (0.84, 1.44)	1.19 (0.95, 1.69)	1.08 (0.94, 1.36)	5.457	0.141
MBG (mmol/L)					9.323	<0.001
CV					1.300	0.274
LAGE (mmol/L)	11.08 (8.77, 13.97)	11.57 (8.97, 15.35)	12.72 (10.48, 17.26)	11.68 (9.90, 16.27)	11.968	0.007
ADDR (mmol/L)	20.19 (11.99, 28.51)	21.41 (15.00, 30.97)	27.58 (20.92, 37.93)	33.60 (19.75, 55.20)	24.836	<0.001
value (mmol/L)	5.18 (2.09, 13.29)	6.54 (3.38, 13.55)	12.23 (6.30, 24.68)	19.58 (6.10, 51.53)	34.801	<0.001
Treatment, (, %)
No treatment	11 (13.25)	45 (31.03)	25 (22.94)	1 (8.34)	15.207	0.085
OHA	21 (25.30)	38 (26.21)	26 (23.85)	4 (33.33)
Insulin	27 (32.53)	31 (21.38)	24 (22.02)	3 (25.00)
OHA & insulin	24 (28.92)	31 (21.38)	34 (31.19)	4 (33.33)

^aSBP: systolic blood pressure; DBP: diastolic blood pressure; BUN: blood urea nitrogen; SCr: serum creatinine; TC: total cholesterol; TG: triglyceride; HDL: high-density lipoprotein; LDL: low‐density lipoprotein; FBG: fasting blood glucose; BMI: body mass index; HbA1C: hemoglobin A1C; TIR: time in range; SD: standard deviation; MAGE: mean amplitude of glucose excursions; MBG: mean blood glucose; CV: coefficient of variation; LAGE: largest amplitude of plasma glucose excursions; ADDR: average daily risk range; OHA: oral hypoglycemic agents. ^bNormally distributed values in the table are presented as the , nonnormally distributed values are presented as medians (25% and 75% interquartiles), and categorical variables are presented as frequencies (percentages). ANOVA for comparison of various samples with a normal distribution. Kruskal-Wallis test for abnormal distributions. ² test for categorical variables.