Time in Range, as a Novel Metric of Glycemic Control, Is Reversely Associated with Presence of Diabetic Cardiovascular Autonomic Neuropathy Independent of HbA1c in Chinese Type 2 Diabetes

Table 2

The comparison of clinical characteristics by quartiles (Q1-Q4) of TIR.

	Quartiles (Q1-Q4) of TIR
	Q1 (≤41%)	Q2 (41-64%)	Q3 (64-83%)	Q4 (>83%)	^2/值	值
	85	92	90	82
Age (y)					0.232	0.874
Diabetes duration (y)	5.0 (1.0, 12.5)	9.5 (3.0, 12.8)	6.0 (2.0, 15.0)	5.0 (1.0, 10.0)	8.169	0.043
Male (, %)	57 (67.06)	53 (57.61)	60 (66.67)	58 (70.73)	3.661	0.300
Smoking (, %)	33 (38.82)	32 (34.78)	29 (32.22)	37 (45.12)	3.454	0.327
Retinopathy (, %)	30 (35.29)	26 (28.26)	18 (20.00)	20 (24.39)	5.570	0.135
SBP (mmHg)					0.351	0.788
DBP (mmHg)					0.573	0.633
BUN (mmol/L)					0.564	0.639
SCr (μmol/L)	52 (44, 66)	53 (44, 66)	57 (46, 66)	59 (48, 75)	6.471	0.091
TC (mmol/L)					2.254	0.082
TG (mmol/L)	1.70 (1.12, 2.32)	1.69 (1.01, 2.46)	1.50 (1.04, 2.27)	1.55 (1.03, 2.23)	0.882	0.830
HDL (mmol/L)	0.98 (0.87, 1.26)	1.06 (0.93, 1.20)	1.05 (0.92, 1.25)	0.99 (0.86, 1.15)	4.676	0.197
LDL (mmol/L)	2.50 (1.90, 3.35)	2.89 (2.28, 3.51)	2.81 (2.29, 3.40)	2.57 (1.89, 3.14)	8.511	0.037
FBG (mmol/L)					31.985	<0.001
BMI					4.220	0.006
HbA1C (%)					39.960	<0.001
SD	2.80 (2.15, 3.92)	2.56 (2.25, 3.07)	2.15 (1.82, 2.51)	1.47 (1.13, 1.78)	147.549	<0.001
MAGE	1.37 (1.09, 1.86)	1.17 (1.01, 1.56)	1.10 (0.91, 1.43)	0.82 (0.63, 1.05)	70.830	<0.001
MBG					318.057	<0.001
CV					8.122	<0.001
LAGE	15.66 (12.39, 19.23)	13.45 (11.43, 17.05)	11.01 (9.57, 13.47)	8.00 (6.39, 9.50)	138.871	<0.001
ADDR	40.06 (31.40, 52.45)	27.69 (24.32, 32.02)	19.15 (17.04, 24.75)	11.09 (7.82, 14.58)	225.131	<0.001
M value	27.1 3(17.81, 40.90)	11.65 (9.31, 15.80)	5.14 (4.01, 7.02)	1.79 (1.23, 2.86)	277.556	<0.001
SBP response to standing (mmHg)	5 (-6, 11)	4 (-3, 12)	0 (-6, 6)	4 (-4, 9)	5.500	0.139
HR variation during lying to standing	1.08 (1.05, 1.15)	1.11 (1.04, 1.17)	1.11 (1.05, 1.19)	1.13 (1.09, 1.20)	11.525	0.009
HR variation during the Valsalva maneuver	1.10 (1.10, 1.20)	1.10 (1.10, 1.20)	1.20 (1.10, 1.20)	1.20 (1.10, 1.30)	10.103	0.018
HR variation during deep breathing(bpm)	9.00 (6.00, 12.00)	8.00 (6.00, 13.00)	8.50 (5.75, 13.00)	12.00 (6.00, 17.00)	9.094	0.028
Treatment (, %)
No treatment	16 (18.82)	21 (22.83)	29 (32.22)	16 (19.51)	7.474	0.588
OHA	22 (25.88)	24 (26.09)	19 (21.11)	24 (29.27)
Insulin	22 (25.88)	24 (26.09)	17 (18.89)	22 (26.83)
OHA & insulin	25 (29.42)	23 (24.99)	25 (27.78)	20 (24.39)

^aTIR: time in range; SBP: systolic blood pressure; DBP: diastolic blood pressure; BUN: blood urea nitrogen; SCr: serum creatinine; TC: total cholesterol; TG: triglyceride; HDL: high-density lipoprotein; LDL: low-density lipoprotein; FBG: fasting blood glucose; BMI: body mass index; HbA1C: hemoglobin A₁C; SD: standard deviation; MAGE: mean amplitude of glucose excursions; MBG: mean blood glucose; CV: coefficient of variation; LAGE: largest amplitude of plasma glucose excursions; ADDR: average daily risk range; HR: heart rate; OHA: oral hypoglycemic agents. ^bNormally distributed values in the table are presented as the , nonnormally distributed values are presented as medians (25% and 75% interquartiles), and categorical variables are presented as frequencies (percentages). ANOVA for comparison of various samples with a normal distribution. Kruskal-Wallis test for abnormal distributions.²-test for categorical variables.