Time in Range, as a Novel Metric of Glycemic Control, Is Reversely Associated with Presence of Diabetic Cardiovascular Autonomic Neuropathy Independent of HbA1c in Chinese Type 2 Diabetes
Table 4
Associations between TIR and various stages of CAN.
Early CAN
Manifest CAN
Severe CAN
Any CAN
OR (95% CI)
OR (95% CI)
OR (95% CI)
OR (95% CI)
Model 1
TIR
0.995 (0.981-1.010)
0.533
0.967 (0.952-0.982)
<0.001
0.942 (0.910-0.975)
0.001
0.969 (0.957-0.981)
<0.001
HbA1C
1.116 (0.960-1.296)
0.153
1.156 (0.972-1.375)
0.102
1.154 (0.782-1.704)
0.471
1.073 (0.938-1.226)
0.303
Model 2
TIR
0.995 (0.980-1.011)
0.548
0.967 (0.951-0.984)
<0.001
0.940 (0.909-0.973)
<0.001
0.969 (0.957-0.982)
<0.001
HbA1C
1.117 (0.959-1.299)
0.154
1.151 (0.966-1.371)
0.115
1.175 (0.789-1.751)
0.427
1.069 (0.934-1.223)
0.333
SD
0.990 (0.734-1.336)
0.949
1.041 (0.783-1.385)
0.783
0.769 (0.320-1.851)
0.558
1.044 (0.858-1.271)
0.665
Model3
TIR
0.995 (0.981-1.009)
0.505
0.967 (0.952-0.983)
<0.001
0.941 (0.909-0.974)
0.001
0.969 (0.957-0.981)
<0.001
HbA1C
1.121 (0.963-1.304)
0.140
1.154 (0.969-1.373)
0.108
1.168 (0.787-1.733)
0.441
1.069 (0.935-1.223)
0.330
MAGE
0.928 (0.661-1.304)
0.668
1.048 (0.832-1.320)
0.689
0.784 (0.208-2.953)
0.719
1.082 (0.874-1.339)
0.470
Model4
TIR
0.996 (0.982-1.010)
0.538
0.967 (0.951-0.982)
<0.001
0.944 (0.912-0.977)
0.001
0.969 (0.957-0.981)
<0.001
HbA1C
1.114 (0.957-1.297)
0.162
1.153 (0.968-1.373)
0.112
1.158 (0.780-1.718)
0.467
1.071 (0.936-1.226)
0.319
CV
1.174 (0.034-40.498)
0.929
1.499 (0.034-66.335)
0.834
0.094 (-6-2712.427)
0.652
1.325 0.078-22.473)
0.846
Model 5
TIR
0.994 (0.979-1.009)
0.421
0.965 (0.949-0.982)
<0.001
0.935 (0.902-0.969)
0.001
0.968 (0.956-0.981)
<0.001
HbA1C
1.124 (0.966-1.308)
0.131
1.160 (0.973-1.381)
0.098
1.204 (0.803-1.807)
0.369
1.077 (0.940-1.233)
0.286
LAGE
0.982 (0.931-1.036)
0.510
0.987 (0.936-1.041)
0.625
0.873 (0.724-1.053)
0.156
0.993 (0.951-1.038)
0.766
Model 6
TIR
0.994 (0.975-1.013)
0.523
0.961 (0.941-0.983)
<0.001
0.935 (0.894-0.978)
0.003
0.965 (0.948-0.981)
<0.001
HbA1C
1.119 (0.961-1.303)
0.149
1.169 (0.981-1.394)
0.081
1.169 (0.788-1.734)
0.438
1.083 (0.945-1.240)
0.250
ADDR
0.996 (0.963-1.029)
0.789
0.986 (0.950-1.023)
0.448
0.982 (0.911-1.058)
0.636
0.989 (0.961-1.018)
0.460
Model 7
TIR
0.999 (0.978-1.019)
0.896
0.973 (0.951-0.995)
0.015
0.943 (0.903-0.985)
0.008
0.972 (0.959-0.986)
<0.001
HbA1C
1.114 (0.959-1.295)
0.158
1.154 (0.970-1.374)
0.105
1.147 (0.776-1.694)
0.492
1.073 (0.938-1.227)
0.305
value
1.008 (0.969-1.050)
0.683
1.014 (0.975-1.056)
0.481
1.004 (0.949-1.063)
0.884
1.007 (0.993-1.021)
0.333
aTIR: time in range; HbA1C: hemoglobin A1C; SD: standard deviation; MAGE: mean amplitude of glucose excursions; CV: coefficient of variation; LAGE: largest amplitude of plasma glucose excursions; ADDR: average daily risk range; HR: heart rate; CI: confidence interval. bModel 1 was adjusted for age, diabetes duration, sex, blood pressure, lipid profile, SCr, BMI, and HbA1c (%); model 2 was adjusted for variables as in model 1 and for SD; model 3 was adjusted for variables as in model 1 and for MAGE; model 4 was adjusted for variables as in model 1 and for CV; model 5 was adjusted for variables as in model 1 and for LAGE; model 6 was adjusted for variables as in model 1 and for ADDR; model 7 was adjusted for variables as in model 1 and for value.
