Factors Associated with Poor Glycemic and Lipid Levels in Ambulatory Diabetes Mellitus Type 2 Patients in Asmara, Eritrea: A Cross-Sectional Study

Table 1

Characteristics of the study population stratified by sex (309).

Variables	Sex		value	Total (%)
	Male (%)	Female (%)
Patient age (years)
<40	4 (25.0)	12 (75.0)	0.004	16 (5.2)
41-60	82 (48.2)	88 (51.8)		170 (55.0)
>60	77 (62.6)	46 (37.4)		123 (39.8)
Duration of DM (years)
<5	29 (50.9)	28 (49.1)	0.815	57 (18.4)
6-10	53 (50.0)	53 (50.0)		106 (34.3)
11-15	26 (51.0)	25 (49.0)		51 (16.5)
16-20	36 (59.0)	25 (41.0)		61 (19.7)
>20	19 (55.9)	15 (44.1)		34 (11.0)
Occupation
Not employed	28 (18.9)	120 (81.1)	0.001	148 (47.9)
Driver	28 (100)	0 (0)		28 (2.9)
Health worker	2 (22.2)	7 (77.8)		9 (2.9)
Private sector	5 (10.6)	42 (89.4)		47 (15.2)
Public sector	63 (81.8)	14 (18.2)		77 (24.9)
Educational level
Illiterate	4 (8.5)	43 (91.5)	0.001	47 (15.2)
Primary	57 (50.4)	56 (49.6)		113 (36.6)
Secondary	60 (61.2)	38 (38.8)		98 (31.7)
Tertiary	42 (82.4)	9 (17.6)		51 (16.5)
Dieting (yes)	132 (50.6)	129 (49.9)	0.051	261 (84.5)
Alcohol (yes)	58 (87.9)	8 (12.1)	0.001	66 (21.4)
Physical exercising (yes)	95 (56.9)	72 (43.1)	0.071	167 (54.0)
Smoking (yes)	15 (100)	0 (0.0)	0.001	15 (100)
Hypertension (yes)	63 (47.7)	69 (52.3)	0.293	132 (42.7)
Family member with DM (yes)	60 (54.1)	51 (45.9)	0.411	111 (35.9)
BMI (kg/m^2)
<18.5	7 (43.8)	9 (56.3)	0.001	16 (5.2)
18.6–25	96 (61.5)	60 (38.5)		156 (50.5)
25–30	56 (51.9)	52 (48.1)		108 (35.0)
>30	4 (13.8)	25 (86.2)		29 (9.4)
Waist circumference (abnormal)	108 (49.5)	110 (50.5)	0.052	218 (70.6)
eGFR (<60 mL/min/1.73 m^2)	29 (25.4)	85 (74.6)	0.001	114 (36.9)
CRP (positive)	13 (37.1)	22 (62.9)	0.037	35 (11.3)
FPG (abnormal)	109 (50.2)	108 (49.8)	0.213	217 (70.5)

CRP: C-reactive protein; DM: diabetes mellitus; FPG: fasting plasma glucose; BMI: body mass index; eGFR: estimated glomerular filtration rates.