Journal of Diabetes Research

Review Article

Effects of Nutritional Strategies on Glucose Homeostasis in Gestational Diabetes Mellitus: A Systematic Review and Network Meta-Analysis

Table 1

Characteristics of studies included in the network meta-analysis.


Study	Country	Diagnostic criteria for gestational diabetes	Duration (weeks)	Sample size (I/C)	Mean age (years) (I/C)	Mean gestational age (weeks) (I/C)	Intervention group	Control group	Outcomes

Jamilian (2018) [22]	Iran	Based on the American Diabetes association guidelines (2014)	6	20/20	30.5/30.8	25.4/25.3	1000 mg fish oil capsules containing 180 mg EPA and 120 mg DHA twice a day	1000 mg placebo capsules twice a day	FPG, insulin, HOMA-IR
Samimi (2015) [23]	Iran	One-step: 75 g. mg/dL; mg/dL; mg/dL	6	28/28	29.8/30.3	25.7/25.4	1000 mg omega-3 capsules containing 180 mg EPA and 120 mg DHA per day	1000 mg placebo capsules containing 500 mg liquid paraffin per day	FPG, insulin, HOMA-IR
Jamilian (2017) [24]	Iran	One-step: 75 g. mg/dL; mg/dL; mg/dL	6	35/35	30.7/31.5	24–28	1000 mg omega-3 containing 360 mg EPA and 240 mg DHA twice a day+vitamin D placebo	50,000 IU vitamin D every 2 weeks+omega-3 placebo	FPG, insulin, HOMA-IR
Asemi (2015) [25]	Iran	One-step: 75 g. F mg/dL: mg/dL; or mg/dL	6	35/35	29.1/29.4	24–28	250 mg magnesium oxide tablets per day	250 mg placebo tablets per day	FPG, insulin, HOMA-IR
Jamilian (2017) [26]	Iran	/dL; blood sugar 2-hour /dL	6	20/20	27.8/27.1	N/S	250 mg magnesium oxide per day	250 mg placebo per day	FPG
Asemi (2013) [27]	Iran	Two steps: First step: 50 g. 1-h plasma glucose mg/dL Second step: 100 g. mg/dL; mg/dL; mg/dL; mg/dL	6	27/27	31.7/31.8	24–28	Capsules containing 50,000 IU vitamin D₃ 2 times during the study	Placebo capsules 2 times during the study	FPG, insulin, HOMA-IR
Li (2016) [28]	China	mg/dL; mg/dL; mg/dL	16	48/49	29.0/28.3	14.5/14.2	100 g vitamin D yogurt drink containing 500 IU vitamin D3 twice a day	100 g plain yogurt drink without any vitamin D3 supplement twice a day	FPG, insulin, HOMA-IR
Karamali (2015) [30]	Iran	One-step: 75 g. mg/dL; mg/dL; or mg/dL	6	29/29	29.9/29.4	24–28	233 mg zinc gluconate tablets containing 30 mg zinc per day	233 mg placebo tablets (starch) per day	FPG, insulin, HOMA-IR
Roshanravan (2015) [30]	Iran	Two-steps: First step: 50 g. 1-h blood mg/dL Second step: 75 g. mg/dL; mg/dL; mg/dL	8	22/22	29.5/29.8	24–28	30 mg zinc gluconate tablets per day between meals	30 mg placebo tablets (starch) per day between meals	FPG, insulin, HOMA-IR
Babadi (2018) [31]	Iran	Diagnosed with GDM by a “one-step” based on the American Diabetes Association guidelines (2014)	6	24/24	28.8/29.0	24–28	A probiotic capsule containing Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lactobacillus casei, Bifidobacterium bifidum, and Lactobacillus fermentum (⁹ CFU/g each) per day	A placebo (corn starch) per day	FPG, insulin, HOMA-IR
Badehnoosh (2018) [32]	Iran	One-step: 75 g. mg/dL; mg/dL; mg/dL	6	30/30	28.8/27.8	25.7/25.6	A probiotic capsule containing Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lactobacillus casei, and Bifidobacterium bifidum (⁹ CFU/g each) strains per day	A placebo capsule (starch) per day	FPG
Karamali (2016) [33]	Iran	One-step: 75 g. mg/dL; mg/dL; mg/dL	6	30/30	31.8/29.7	24–28	Probiotic capsules containing L. acidophilus, L. casei, and B. bifidum (⁹ CFU/g each) strains per day	Placebo capsules (starch) per day	FPG, insulin, HOMA-IR
Kijmanawat (2019) [34]	Thailand	One-step: 75 g. mg/dL; mg/dL; mg/dL	4	28/29	32.5/30.7	27.3/28.0	Probiotic capsule containing Lactobacillus acidophilus and Bifidobacterium bifidum (⁹ CFU/g each) per day	Placebo capsule (gelatin) per day	FPG, insulin, HOMA-IR

I/C: intervention group/control group; N/S: not stated; h: hours; mg/dL: milligrams per deciliter; mmol/L: millimoles per liter; CFU/g: colony-forming units per gram; FPG: fasting plasma glucose; HOMA-IR: homeostasis model assessment-insulin resistance; EPA: eicosapentaenoic acid; DHA: docosahexaenoic acid.