Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Chronic Heart Failure with Midrange and Preserved Ejection Fraction: A Focus on Serum Biomarkers of Fibrosis

Table 1

Demographic and clinical characteristics of the patients.

Parameters	Group 1 without HF () Me (25, 75)	Group 2 HFpEF () Me (25, 75)	Group 3 HFmrEF () Me (25, 75)	for groups 1, 2, and 3
Age, years	57 (52, 60)	61 (57, 66)	59 (54, 62)	0.44
Gender, male, (%)	13 (65)	15 (51.7)	7 (53.9)	0.74
Duration of CHF, years	—	9 (6, 13)	8 (5, 11)	0.68
CAD, (%)	—	20 (68.9)	11 (84.6)	0.71
MI, (%)	—	15 (51.7)	7 (63.6)	0.85
CABG/PCI, (%)	—	14 (48.2)	7 (63.6)	0.22
Stable angina II, (%)	—	11 (37.9)	6 (46.1)	0.62
Duration of hypertension, years	14 (9, 18)	18 (13, 22)	16 (11; 19)	0.19
SBP, mmHg	130 (115, 140)	140 (110, 155)	130 (110, 145)	0.76
DBP, mmHg	85 (75, 90)	80 (65, 90)	75 (60, 85)	0.62
Heart rate, b/min	77 (68, 90)	70 (62, 78)	68 (63, 74)	0.29
Atrial fibrillation, paroxysmal form, (%)	—	5 (17.2)	2 (15,3)	0.31
Duration of diabetes, years	10 (6, 13)	12 (9, 16)	13 (5, 17)	0.14
BMI, kg/m^2	32.8 (30.2, 34.9)	32.3 (28.7, 36.8)	34.7 (31.7, 37.8)	0.38
Overweight, (%)	3 (15)	7 (24.1)	2 (15.4)	0.67
Obesity I degree, (%)	12 (60)	17 (58.6)	7 (53.8)	0.9
Obesity II degree, (%)	5 (25)	5 (17.3)	4 (30.8)	0.59
Smoking, (%)	10 (50)	13 (44.8)	6 (46.1)	0.76
Hemoglobin, g/l	144 (128, 157)	140 (125, 159)	138 (120, 151)	0.53
HbA1c, %	8.3 (7.7, 9.3)	8.5 (7.9, 9.7)	8.8 (8.4, 9.9)	0.49
GFR, ml/min/1.73 m2,	98 (82, 109)	93 (74, 105)	86 (68, 96)	0.52
LDL, mmol/l	2.7 (2.0, 3.7)	2.1 (1.3, 3.3)	1.9 (1.1, 2.8)	0.65
HDL, mmol/l	1.15 (0.87, 1.28)	1.12 (0.91, 1.35)	0.96 (0.82, 1.33)	0.63
Triglycerides, mmol/l	2.4 (1.8, 3.2)	2.2 (1.7, 2.9)	2.6 (2.1, 3.3)	0.19
ACEi/ARA, (%)	16 (80)	26 (89.6)	10 (76.9)	0.26
Beta-blockers, (%)	—	22 (75.8)	11 (84.6)	0.56
MRA, (%)	—	16 (55.1)	8 (61.5)	0.46
Loop diuretics, (%)	—	19 (65.5)	10 (76.9)	0.28
Thiazide/thiazide-like diuretics, (%)	6 (30)	13 (34.5)	5 (23.1)	0.57
Statins (%)	14 (70)	20 (68.9)	10 (76.9)	0.86
Therapy for DM
Metformin	19 (95)	29 (100)	13 (100)	—
DPPi-4	14 (70)	18 (62.1)	8 (61.5)	0.82
Sulfonylurea	6 (30)	11 (37.9)	5 (38.5)

CHF: chronic heart failure; CAD: coronary artery disease; MI: myocardial infarction; CABG: coronary artery bypass grafting; PCI: percutaneous coronary intervention; SBP: systolic blood pressure; DBP: diastolic blood pressure; BMI: body mass index; GFR: glomerular filtration rate; ACEi: angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitors; ARA: angiotensin receptor antagonists; MRA: mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists; DPPi-4: dipeptidil peptidase-4 inhibitors.