Annexin V+ Microvesicles in Children and Adolescents with Type 1 Diabetes: A Prospective Cohort Study
Table 1
Clinical data according to study groups at inclusion and at five-year follow-up (median (25th and 75th percentiles)).
Inclusion
Five-year follow-up
Type 1 diabetes ()
Controls ()
Type 1 diabetes ()
Controls ()
Age (years)†
14 (9, 19)
13 (9, 20)
0.645
19 (14, 24)
18 (14, 25)
0.662
Females, (%)
23 (58)
24 (60)
1.000
23 (58)
24 (60)
1.000
Oral contraceptives, (%)ǂ
Users
1 (4)
3 (13)
0.444
11 (48)
14 (58)
0.543
Nonusers
14 (61)
10 (42)
—
11 (48)
8 (33)
—
Not answered
8 (35)
11 (46)
—
1 (4)
2 (8)
—
Smokers, (%)
0 (0)
0 (0)
—
0 (0)
1 (3)
CRP (mg/L)
0.57 (0.30, 2.41)
0.33 (0.25, 0.67)
0.014
1.87 (0.41, 5.33)
0.56 (0.26, 2.52)
0.097
Diabetic measures
Years of diabetes
5.0 (2.2, 9.2)
—
—
10.1 (7.2, 14.2)
—
—
HbA1c (mmol/mol)
69.4 (62.8, 75.9)
35.5 (33.3, 37.7)
<0.001
79.2 (74.9, 92.3)
34.4 (32.2, 36.6)
<0.001
(%)
8.5 (7.9, 9.1)
5.4 (5.2, 5.6)
<0.001
9.4 (8.7, 10.5)
5.4 (5.1, 5.5)
<0.001
Insulin pump, (%)$
14 (38)
—
—
15 (50)
—
—
Anthropometric measures
BMI (kg/m2)†
21.1 (3.6)
19.0 (2.5)
0.003
24.5 (4.2)
22.1 (2.7)
0.002
Weight (kg)†
54.5 (15.0)
48.9 (12.5)
0.076
71.5 (13.4)
65.8 (11.9)
0.047
Waist circumference (cm)†
71.2 (9.4)
66.8 (7.0)
0.022
79.5 (8.3)
74.9 (7.8)
0.015
SBP (mmHg)
100 (95, 105)
95 (90, 105)
0.073
110 (107, 120)
110 (100, 115)
0.231
DBP (mmHg)
55 (52, 65)
58 (50, 62)
0.700
72 (65, 78)
68 (60, 70)
0.002
Lipid status
Total cholesterol (mmol/L)
4.70 (4.30, 5.20)
4.20 (3.80, 4.50)
0.002
4.60 (4.00, 5.08)
4.20 (3.60, 4.80)
0.040
LDL (mmol/L)
2.63 (1.97, 2.96)
2.29 (1.82, 2.57)
0.029
2.45 (2.04, 2.94)
2.29 (1.96, 2.67)
0.349
HDL (mmol/L)
1.73 (1.47, 1.97)
1.56 (1.38, 1.92)
0.153
1.62 (1.28, 1.97)
1.47 (1.32, 1.70)
0.202
TG (mmol/L)
0.73 (0.53, 0.99)
0.62 (0.46, 0.78)
0.059
0.90 (0.69, 1.34)
0.79 (0.70, 0.94)
0.108
Kidney function
S-creatinine (μmol/L)†
54 (10)
55 (9)
0.516
66 (10)
74 (11)
0.002
U-ACR (mg/mmol)
0.70 (0.60, 1.20)
0.60 (0.37, 1.23)
0.101
0.50 (0.28, 2.03)
0.3 (0.1, 0.83)
0.039
†Mean (range or SD), ǂ% among the females within each study group, $% of the T1D children that answered the question at inclusion () and at five-year follow-up (). denotes the significance level. Abbreviations: CRP: C- reactive protein; BMI: body mass index; SBP: systolic blood pressure; DBP: diastolic blood pressure; LDL: low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HDL: high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; TG: triglycerides; U-ACR: urinary albumin to creatinine ratio.
