Alterations of Gut Microbiota in Type 2 Diabetes Individuals and the Confounding Effect of Antidiabetic Agents

Table 1

Characteristics of the study participants.

	Variable	HC; ()	T2DM; ()	value	Diabetic clusters				value for HC versus NT
					MET; ()	GLIM; ()	NT; ()	value
Gender	Male	12	12		4	4	4
	Female	12	12	1.000	4	4	4	1.000	1.000
Age (years)		47.12	53.87	0.024	57.37	51.25	53.00	0.366^b	0.188
Marital status	Married	22	23		8	8	7
	Single	2	1	1.000	0	0	1	1.000	1.000
Residence	Urban	19	15		4	4	7
	Rural	5	9	0.341	4	4	1	0.261	1.000
Education level	No formal	5	5		2	3	0
	Primary school	8	10	0.956	3	4	3	0.156	0.605
	Secondary school	6	5		3	0	2
	University	5	4		0	1	3
Occupation	Unemployed	11	12		6	4	2
	Employee	6	6	1.000	0	1	5	0.060	0.225
	Free business	7	6		2	3	1
BMI (kg/m^2)		24.90	24.62	0.496^a	24.51	23.76	25.58	0.854^c	0.663
Blood glucose (mg/dl)	FBG	79.79	148.25	< 0.001^a	154.87	118.75	171.12	0.531^b	0.006^a
	2 h	123.50	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
HbA1c (%)		—	6.15	—	6.12	5.81	6.51	0.044^c	—
T2DM duration (years)		—	3.91	—	3.00	4.25	4.50	0.223^c	—

For numerical data, the statistical analysis was conducted using two independent-samples -test (parametric), Mann-Whitney test^a (nonparametric), one-way ANOVA^b (parametric), and Kruskal-Wallis test^c (nonparametric). Fisher’s exact test was involved for categorical data. Categorical and numerical data was presented as number and mean, respectively. A value of less than 0.05 was considered significant. BMI: body mass index; FBG: fasting blood glucose; GLIM: glimepiride; HbA1c: hemoglobin A1c; HC: healthy control; MET: metformin; : number; NT: nontherapeutic; T2DM: type 2 diabetes mellitus.