The Epidemiology of Depression and Diabetes Distress in Type 2 Diabetes in Kuwait

Table 2

Regression analysis of PHQ-9 or PAID continuous measure.

Independent variables	Depended variable
	PHQ-9		PAID
	Model 1	Model 2	Model 1	Model 2
	(95% CI), value	(95% CI), value	(95% CI), value	(95% CI), value
Gender	1.32 (0.33, 2.30), 0.009	0.95 (0.04, 1.86), 0.040	3.59 (-0.20, 7.38), 0.063	1.59 (-1.92, 5.11), 0.374
Past history of depression	4.47 (1.97, 6.97), <0.001	3.39 (1.08, 5.71), 0.004	10.5 (0.9, 20.19), 0.032	3.77 (5.23, 12.76), 0.411
Hypertension	0.68 (0.34, 1.70), 0.191	0.68 (0.26, 1.62), 0.155	0.01 (-3.92, 3.93), 0.997	1.04 (-2.58, 4.66), 0.573
Insulin user	0.94 (-0.10, 1.99), 0.078	0.96 (-0.008, 1.92), 0.052	-0.2 (-4.18, 3.88), 0.942	-1.58 (-5.30, 2.15), 0.406
Exercise	0.93 (-0.13, 2.0), 0.087	0.74 (-0.24, 1.73), 0.138	1.8 (-2.29, 5.94), 0.384	0.41 (-3.39, 4.21), 0.832
BMI	0.01 (-0.07, 0.086), 0.793	0.02 (-0.05, 0.09), 0.611	-0.08 (-0.37, 0.21), 0.603	-0.09 (-0.36, 0.18), 0.498
HbA1c	0.03 (0.001, 0.050), 0.039	0.01 (-0.01, 0.04), 0.276	0.13 (0.03, 0.22), 0.008	0.09 (0.01, 0.18), 0.044
Psychological measure	—	0.10 (0.08, 0.13), <0.001	—	1.52 (1.18, 1.85), <0.001

Model 1: regression included gender, past history of depression, hypertension, insulin user, exercise, body mass index (BMI), and glycaemic control (HbA1c). Model 2: included model 1 plus psychological measure. Psychological measure was PAID. Psychological measure was PHQ-9. PHQ-9: Patients Health Questionnaire Nine; PAID: Problem Area in Diabetes; BMI: body mass index.