Association of Glycemic Indices (Hyperglycemia, Glucose Variability, and Hypoglycemia) with Oxidative Stress and Diabetic Complications

Figure 2

Mitochondrial overproduction of superoxide during hyperglycemic conditions activates four major pathways of hyperglycemic damage by inhibiting GAPDH. NADPH: nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate; NADH: nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide; GAPDH: glyceraldehyde-3 phosphate dehydrogenase; PARP: poly-ADP-ribose polymerase; GFAT: glutamine:fructose-6-phosphate amidotransferase; UDP-GlcNAc: UDP-N-acetylglucosamine; DAG: diacylglycerol; AGE: advanced glycation end-product.