Research Progress on the Pathological Mechanisms of Podocytes in Diabetic Nephropathy

Figure 2

Podocyte hypertrophy. Elevated glucose upregulates TGF-β, mTOR, Ang II, AGEs, and integrin-linked kinase (ILK) pathways and activates the expression of p27Kip1, P38MAPK, Akt/PKB, and NADPH, which eventually leads to podocyte hypertrophy.