Research Article
Case-Control Study of Risk Factors and Self-Care Behaviors of Foot Ulceration in Diabetic Patients Attending Primary Healthcare Services in Palestine
Table 3
Comparison of risk factors between DFU (diabetic patients with foot ulceration) and NFU (diabetic patients without foot ulceration).
| | Variable | Total
() | NFU
() | DFU
() | Odds ratio (95% CI) | value | | (%) |
| | Smoking (current or ex-smoker) | 193 (41.2) | 80 (39.0) | 113 (54.3) | 1.86 (1.26, 2.75) | <0.001 | | Hypertension | 250 (60.5) | 139 (67.8) | 111 (53.4) | 0.54 (0.36, 0.81) | 0.003 | | Sensory loss to vibration | 128 (31.0) | 50 (24.4) | 78 (37.5) | 1.86 (1.22, 2.84) | 0.004 | | Sensory loss to monofilament | 167 (40.4) | 64 (38.3) | 103 (49.5) | 2.16 (1.45, 3.23) | <0.001 | | Loss of pedal pulse | 48 (11.6) | 15 (7.3) | 33 (15.9) | 2.39 (1.25, 4.54) | 0.009 | | Callus of the feet | 200 (48.4) | 82 (41.0) | 118 (56.7) | 1.97 (1.33, 2.91) | 0.001 | | Foot deformity | 150 (36.3) | 53 (25.9) | 97 (46.6) | 2.51 (1.66, 3.79) | <0.001 | | Dry/cracked foot skin | 249 (60.3) | 131 (63.9) | 118 (56.7) | 0.74 (0.50, 1.10) | 0.159 | | Retinopathy | 182 (44.1) | 70 (34.1) | 112 (53.8) | 2.25 (1.51, 3.34) | <0.001 | | Nephropathy | 103 (24.9) | 27 (13.2) | 76 (36.5) | 3.80 (2.31, 6.21) | <0.001 | | Neuropathy | 304 (73.6) | 132 (64.4) | 172 (82.7) | 2.65 (1.67, 4.18) | <0.001 |
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