Physiological Characteristics of Type 1 Diabetes Patients during High Mountain Trekking
Table 1
Study group characteristics during the 3-day expedition.
Variable
18 June (3200–4200 m.a.s.l.)
19 June (4200–4700 m.a.s.l.)
20 June (4200–5600 m.a.s.l.)
value#
Mean
SD
Median
Range
Mean
SD
Median
Range
Mean
SD
Median
Range
Glycemia from FGM (mg/dL)
168
36
164
116–243
219
42
215
155–290
264
45
254
199–338
<0.0001~
Glycemia from CGM (mg/dL)
153
19
146
131–188
163
19
162
137–192
202
30
189
174–261
0.0004~&
Glycemia as measured with a glucometer (mg/dL)
153
34
151
98–220
181
40
185
112–251
202
31
208
137–262
0.0004~&
No. of blood glucose measurements per day (glucometer) ()
12.5
4.3
12
5–20
12.4
6.4
12
4–27
14.4
7.6
12
3–27
0.483
Daily insulin dose (IU)
35.6
10.2
33.6
21.1–61.5
43.8
17
45
21.4–94.9
38.1
15.3
35.5
18.2–73.4
0.225
No. of boluses per day ()
7.5
1.9
8
4–10
8.4
2.7
9
5–16
8.5
3.2
8
2–13
0.464
% of basal insulin (%)
39.4
8.6
40
22–63
36.7
9.9
37.2
20–56
40.6
9.4
42
22–56
0.434
Carbohydrate units per day ()
23.1
8.8
20.5
6.5–45
20.4
8.4
18.4
10–42
16.4
5.6
15.2
7.5–29
0.046~
Amount of fluids per day (L)
2.4
1
2.1
0.7–4
2
0.8
2
1–4
2.4
0.9
2
1.2–4
0.45
No. of hypoglycemic episodes per patient ()
0.8
1
0.5
0–3
0.3
0.7
0
0–3
0.2
0.7
0
0–3
0.115
No. of hyperglycemic (≥180 mg/dL) episodes per patient ()
2.1
1.1
2.0
0–4
3.3
2.3
3.0
0–9
4.8
3.0
5.5
0–10
0.0025~
No. of severe hyperglycemic (>250 mg/dL) episodes per patient ()
0.6
0.7
1
0–2
1.8
1.5
2
0–5
1.7
1.5
1
0–6
0.0165~
AMS scale at the beginning of the day
0.7
0.9
0
0–3
3.4
1.9
4
0–8
3.2
2.2
3
0–7
<0.0001~
AMS scale at the end of the day
4.1
2.4
4
0–8
2.2
1.8
2
0–6
3.3
2.4
3
0–7
0.0669
Borg scale at the beginning of the day
1.1
0.5
1
0–2
2.1
0.9
2
1–4
2.3
1
2
1–4
0.0024~
Borg scale at the highest point of the day
4.4
2.3
4
1–0
4.2
1.8
5
1–6
7
1.9
8
3–9
0.0050~&
Lactate concentration at the beginning of the day (mmol/L)
5.7
4.7
4.4
1.3–21
6.7
6
3.6
1.8–25
7.4
7.3
5.1
2.2–25
0.826
Lactate concentration at the highest point of the day (mmol/L)
9.6
7.9
6.8
1.7–25
10.6
6.8
9.6
1.5–25
4.3!
2.2
3.6
2–9
0.4062
Blood saturation at the beginning of the day (%)
91.7
5.1
93
73–97
85
6
85
74–93
85.5
14.4
84
64–119
0.0020
Blood saturation at the highest point of the day (%)
85.2
6.6
85.5
75–97
83
6
80
75–93
78.2
8.1
76
67–95
<0.0001~&
Ketone concentration 4200/4700 and 5000 m.a.s.l. (mmol/L)
0.2
0.1
0.2
0.1–0.5
0.2
0.2
0.1
0.1–0.7
0.2
0.2
0.1
0.1–0.6
0.769
of digestible carbohydrates. All variables are means for the entire group. There were 10 patients using CGM and 11 using FGM; among them, 4 individuals used both systems. !Only 4 measurements. # value for the comparison between the 3 expedition days. Day 1 statistically significantly different from day 2 ().~Day 1 statistically significantly different from day 3 ().&Day 2 statistically significantly different from day 3 ().
