Carrageenan-Free Diet Shows Improved Glucose Tolerance and Insulin Signaling in Prediabetes: A Randomized, Pilot Clinical Trial

Figure 5

Impact of diet on cell-based inflammatory parameters; effects on neutrophil phospho-(Ser307/312)-IRS1 and phospho-(Ser473)-AKT1. (a). Baseline and 12-week values of neutrophil phospho-(Ser307/312)-IRS1, measured as optical density (O.D.)/mg cell protein, were similar for the carrageenan-containing diet group (). (b). In contrast, the 0- to 12-week decline was significant in the no-carrageenan group (, paired t-test, two tailed, and ). (c). The changes in neutrophil phospho-(Ser307/312)-IRS1 between the no-carrageenan and carrageenan-containing diet groups were not significantly different (, unpaired -test, two tailed, and equal variance; ANOVA). (d). Phospho-(Ser473)-AKT1 (ng/mg protein) was measured by ELISA in neutrophils from participants. There was no significant difference between the baseline and 12-week results in subjects on the carrageenan-containing study diet (, paired -test, two tailed, ). (e). In contrast, participants on the no-carrageenan diet had marked increase in phospho-(Ser473)-AKT1, consistent with the decline in phospho-(Ser307/312)-IRS1 (, paired -test, two tailed, and ). (f). There was a significant difference between carrageenan-containing and no-carrageenan diet groups (, unpaired -test, two tailed, and equal variance).

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