Molecular Mechanisms by Which Imeglimin Improves Glucose Homeostasis

Table 1

Possible molecular mechanisms by which imeglimin improves glucose homeostasis.

Mechanisms	Effects	Ref.
Insulin sensitivity	Increases insulin sensitivity and reduces insulin resistance via different molecular pathways such as promoting Akt phosphorylation	[9, 18]
Gluconeogenesis	Modulates genes involved in hepatic gluconeogenesis as PEPCK and G6Pase, declined gluconeogenesis	[12, 19, 23]
β-Cells’ function and insulin secretion	Protects against beta-cell death, increases beta cell mass, and improves glucose-induced insulin release from islets	[9, 11, 24–26]
Mitochondrial function	Improves mitochondrial function in beta cells as well as other tissues	[13, 18, 29]
Oxidative stress	Reduces mitochondrial-induced free radical generation, declines hyperglycemia-dependent oxidative stress, and in turn ameliorates oxidative damages	[13, 18, 25]

Akt = protein kinase B; PEPCK = phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase; G6Pase = glucose-6-phosphatase.