Serum Glucose-Dependent Insulinotropic Polypeptide (GIP) and Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 (GLP-1) in association with the Risk of Gestational Diabetes: A Prospective Case-Control Study

Table 2

Between- and within-group comparisons of subjects with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM, ) vs. control group (NGDM, ) ().

	E1	E2	E3	E4
FG (mmol/L)
GDM			^b
NGDM			^a
value	0.003	0.15	0.08	0.009
Insulin (ng/mL)
GDM		^a	^b
NGDM		^a	^b
value	0.72	0.40	0.34	0.28
HOMA-β
GDM
NGDM			^a	^c
value	0.001	0.17	0.18	0.001
C-peptide (ng/mL)
GDM		^a	^b
NGDM		^a
value	0.39	0.07	0.16	0.09
GIP (ng/mL)
GDM		^a	^a,b	^a,b
NGDM		^a	^a	^a
value	<0.001	0.57	0.007	<0.001
GLP-1 (ng/mL)
GDM		^a	^a,b	^b,c
NGDM		^a	^b	^b
value	<0.001	0.003	<0.001	<0.001

value < 0.05 difference between groups. ^a compared to examination 1. ^b compared to examination 2. ^c compared to examination 3.