Serum Glucose-Dependent Insulinotropic Polypeptide (GIP) and Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 (GLP-1) in association with the Risk of Gestational Diabetes: A Prospective Case-Control Study

Table 3

Between- and within-group comparisons of GDM-diet () and GDM-insulin () subgroup vs. control group (NGDM) ().

	Group	E1	E2	E3	E4
FBG (mmol/L)	GDM-diet
	GDM-insulin	^,†	^,†		^c
	NGDM
Insulin (ng/mL)	GDM-diet
	GDM-insulin		^a		^b
	NGDM
HOMA-β	GDM-diet
	GDM-insulin
	NGDM
C-peptide (ng/mL)	GDM-diet		^a		^b
	GDM-insulin				^b
	NGDM
GIP (ng/mL)	GDM-diet		^a	^a	^b,
	GDM-insulin		^a	^a	^a
	NGDM
GLP-1 (ng/mL)	GDM-diet			^a,
	GDM-insulin			^a,b,	^c,
	NGDM

Pairwise analysis comparison (Bonferroni post hoc adjustment) following one-way ANOVA or Kruskal–Wallis test. ^a value < 0.05 compared to examination 1. ^b value < 0.05 compared to examination 2. ^c value < 0.05 compared to examination 3. ^† value < 0.05 compared to GDM-diet. value < 0.05 compared to control.