Renal Complication and Glycemic Control in Korean Veterans with Type 2 Diabetes: A 10-Year Retrospective Cohort Study
Table 1
Baseline patient characteristics according to the glycosylated hemoglobin categories.
Baseline HbA1c
Overall
<48 mmol/mol
48-53 mmol/mol
53-58 mmol/mol
58-64 mmol/mol
64-69 mmol/mol
≥69 mmol/mol
<6.5%
6.5–7%
7–7.5%
7.5–8%
8–8.5%
≥8.5%
()
()
()
()
()
()
()
Age (years)
<0.001
Sex, male (%)
2649 (85.48)
631 (91.85)
502 (85.23)
429 (84.78)
313 (84.82)
250 (83.33)
524 (80.86)
<0.001
Body mass index (kg/m2)
0.176
HbA1c (mmol/mol)
<0.001
HbA1c (%)
<0.001
SBP (mmHg)
0.449
DBP (mmHg)
0.268
HDL cholesterol (mmol/L) Ta:
a
a
ab
ab
ab
b
<0.001
LDL cholesterol (mmol/L)
0.016
Triglyceride (mmol/L) Ta:
b
ab
b
ab
ab
a
0.001
Creatinine (μmol/L) Ta:
ab
a
ab
ab
ab
b
0.001
Uric acid (μmol/L) Ta:
a
ab
ab
ab
b
b
<0.001
Albuminuria, (%)
<0.001
Normal to mildly increased
2634 (85.00)
614 (89.37)
509 (86.42)
445 (87.94)
312 (84.55)
250 (83.33)
504 (77.78)
Moderately increased
411 (13.26)
68 (9.90)
71 (12.05)
58 (11.46)
52 (14.09)
44 (14.67)
118 (18.21)
Severely increased
54 (1.74)
5 (0.73)
9 (1.53)
3 (0.59)
5 (1.36)
6 (2.00)
26 (4.01)
Stage of CKD, (%)
0.633
Stage 1–2 ( mL/min/1.73 m2)
2687 (86.71)
595 (86.61)
495 (84.04)
446 (88.14)
326 (88.35)
260 (86.67)
565 (87.19)
Stage 3 (eGFR 30–60 mL/min/1.73 m2)
400 (12.90)
90 (13.10)
90 (15.28)
58 (11.46)
41 (11.11)
40 (13.33)
81 (12.50)
Stage 4 (eGFR 15–30 mL/min/1.73 m2)
12 (0.39)
2 (0.29)
4 (0.68)
2 (0.40)
2 (0.54)
0 (0.0)
2 (0.31)
Comorbidities
Hypertension, (%)
2593 (83.67)
573 (83.41)
486 (82.51)
425 (83.99)
298 (80.76)
247 (82.33)
564 (87.04)
0.121
Hypercholesterolemia, (%)
2474 (79.83)
532 (77.44)
475 (80.65)
390 (77.08)
299 (81.03)
244 (81.33)
534 (82.41)
0.131
Coronary heart disease, (%)
1509 (48.69)
349 (50.80)
287 (48.73)
237 (46.84)
167 (45.26)
138 (46.00)
331 (51.08)
0.305
Congestive heart failure, (%)
380 (12.26)
92 (13.39)
67 (11.38)
53 (10.47)
39 (10.57)
43 (14.33)
86 (13.27)
0.353
Cerebrovascular disease, (%)
697 (22.49)
171 (24.89)
128 (21.73)
121 (23.91)
75 (20.33)
62 (20.67)
140 (21.60)
0.427
Medication
Statin, (%)
1576 (50.86)
329 (47.89)
303 (51.44)
251 (49.60)
202 (54.74)
158 (52.67)
333 (51.39)
0.356
Antihypertensive
ACE inhibitor/ARB, (%)
1826 (58.92)
398 (57.93)
346 (58.74)
297 (58.70)
206 (55.83)
181 (60.33)
398 (61.42)
0.597
Beta blocker, (%)
668 (21.56)
157 (22.85)
145 (24.62)
98 (19.37)
77 (20.87)
61 (20.33)
130 (20.06)
0.252
Calcium channel blocker, (%)
986 (31.82)
259 (37.70)
192 (32.60)
168 (33.20)
103 (27.91)
90 (30.00)
174 (26.85)
0.001
Diuretics, (%)
976 (31.49)
232 (33.77)
187 (31.75)
151 (29.84)
115 (31.17)
86 (28.67)
205 (31.64)
0.632
Glucose-lowering drugs
Insulin, (%)
401 (12.94)
29 (4.22)
51 (8.66)
60 (11.86)
41 (11.11)
55 (18.33)
165 (25.46)
<0.001
Metformin, (%)
2265 (73.09)
486 (70.74)
402 (68.25)
360 (71.15)
284 (76.96)
222 (74.00)
511 (78.86)
<0.001
Sulfonylurea, (%)
2224 (71.77)
484 (70.45)
392 (66.55)
382 (75.49)
293 (79.40)
226 (75.33)
447 (68.98)
<0.001
Alpha-glucosidase inhibitor (voglibose), (%)
440 (14.20)
94 (13.68)
65 (11.04)
66 (13.04)
67 (18.16)
43 (14.33)
105 (16.20)
0.029
Thiazolidinedione (actos), (%)
249 (8.03)
45 (6.55)
47 (7.98)
43 (8.50)
33 (8.94)
25 (8.33)
56 (8.64)
0.705
Nateglinide (fastic), (%)
132 (4.26)
34 (4.95)
40 (6.79)
15 (2.96)
18 (4.88)
9 (3.00)
16 (2.47)
0.002
value: categorical data were analyzed using Fisher’s test or the Chi-square test; continuous data were analyzed using ANOVA; if in ANOVA, post hoc analysis was performed using Tukey’s test. Ta: the same letters indicate nonspecific difference between groups based on Tukey’s test. Abbreviations: HbA1c: glycated hemoglobin; eGFR: estimated glomerular filtration rate; SBP: systolic blood pressure; DBP: diastolic blood pressure; CKD: chronic kidney disease; ACE: angiotensin-converting enzyme; LDL: low-density lipoprotein; HDL: high-density lipoprotein.
