Renal Complication and Glycemic Control in Korean Veterans with Type 2 Diabetes: A 10-Year Retrospective Cohort Study
Table 2
Cox models of baseline glycated hemoglobin for the risk of renal and other microvascular complications.
Risk factors
CKD development & progression
ESRD development
Retinopathy development
Neuropathy development
Diabetic foot development
Simple Cox regression
HbA1c, per 1% (11 mmol/mol)
1.19 (1.14–1.24)
1.33 (1.16–1.52)
days
1.00 (0.94–1.06)
1.19 (1.11–1.27)
1.19 (0.91–1.55)
days
1.22 (1.15–1.29)
1.08 (0.97–1.19)
1.24 (1.09–1.40)
Age, per 2 years
1.09 (1.07–1.12)
0.95 (0.88–1.03)
0.98 (0.96–1)
0.99 (0.97–1.02)
0.99 (0.93–1.06)
Sex, female vs. male
1.44 (0.57–3.63)
1.26 (1.02–1.57)†
1.24 (0.95–1.62)
3.01 (1.10–8.23)†
days
1.30 (0.93–1.82)
days
0.68 (0.55–0.83)
BMI, per 2 kg/m2
0.99 (0.94–1.04)
1.02 (0.86–1.21)
1.02 (0.97–1.08)
0.95 (0.89–1.01)
0.94 (0.82–1.08)
SBP, per 10 mmHg
1.05 (1.00–1.1)†
1.21 (1.04–1.41)†
0.96 (0.90–1.02)
0.99 (0.88–1.11)
days
0.92 (0.86–0.98)†
days
1.04 (0.97–1.11)
DBP, per 10 mmHg
1.00 (0.93–1.08)
1.01 (0.93–1.09)
0.95 (0.86–1.05)
1.15 (0.94–1.4)
days
1.39 (0.99–1.92)
days
0.70 (0.45–1.08)
LDL cholesterol, per 0.13 mmol/L
0.99 (0.98–1)
0.93 (0.89–0.98)
0.99 (0.98–1)
1.00 (0.98–1.01)
0.98 (0.94–1.01)
HDL cholesterol, per 0.13 mmol/L
0.86 (0.75–0.98)†
1.00 (0.97–1.02)
0.97 (0.93–1)
0.79 (0.71–0.88)
days
0.90 (0.86–0.93)
days
0.97 (0.91–1.03)
Triglyceride, per 0.52 mmol/L
1.01 (1.00–1.02)†
1.02 (0.99–1.04)
1.00 (0.99–1.01)
1.00 (0.98–1.02)
1.02 (1.00–1.04)
Uric acid, per 59.48 μmol/L
1.30 (1.24–1.36)
1.63 (1.40–1.9)
1.03 (0.98–1.09)
0.95 (0.89–1.02)
1.33 (1.16–1.53)
Statin
1.48 (0.85–2.58)
1.12 (0.98–1.29)
1.14 (0.95–1.37)
1.19 (0.78–1.82)
days
1.21 (1.04–1.40)†
days
0.78 (0.58–1.06)
Antihypertensive agent
5.97 (1.86–19.15)
1.27 (1.08–1.5)
1.63 (0.97–2.74)
days
2.18 (1.78–2.66)
1.62 (1.25–2.11)
days
1.20 (0.86–1.67)
0.96 (0.66–1.40)
Glucose-lowering agent
1.25 (0.76–2.04)
1.12 (0.16–8.15)
1.07 (0.63–1.81)
2.71 (1.01–7.24)†
1.48 (0.21–10.67)
eGFR
0.93 (0.92–0.95)
1.00 (1.00–1.00)
1.00 (0.99–1.00)
days
0.97 (0.96–0.97)
days
0.99 (0.98–1.00)†
Proteinuria, + vs (ref = negative or trace)
3.33 (2.67–4.14)
21.64 (11.12–42.09)
1.44 (1.21–1.72)
1.04 (0.80–1.35)
days
2.20 (1.34–3.60)
days
0.00 (0.00–Inf)
Multiple Cox regression
HbA1c, per 1% (11 mmol/mol)
1.37 (1.17–1.60)
1.20 (1.06–1.35)
days
1.08 (0.96–1.22)
days
1.21 (1.15–1.28)
days
0.98 (0.91–1.05)
1.18 (1.11–1.26)
days
1.18 (1.11–1.26)
1.07 (0.97–1.18)
Age, per 2 years
1.06 (1.03–1.09)
Sex, female vs. male
3.29 (0.79–13.63)
SBP, per 10 mmHg
1.04 (0.99–1.10)
1.24 (1.04–1.48)†
days
0.91 (0.86–0.97)
days
1.04 (0.97–1.11)
LDL cholesterol, per 0.13 mmol/L
0.93 (0.88–0.98)
HDL cholesterol, per 0.13 mmol/L
0.94 (0.90–0.98)
0.82 (0.73–0.93)
Uric acid, per 59.48 μmol/L
1.15 (1.08–1.22)
1.23 (1.06–1.44)
Antihypertensive agent
1.29 (1.03–1.63)†
days
1.38 (1.05–1.81)†
1.62 (1.22–2.15)
days
0.90 (0.69–1.18)
1.11 (0.80–1.54)
Glucose-lowering agent
2.42 (0.90–6.47)
eGFR
0.94 (0.93–0.96)
days
0.97 (0.96–0.98)
days
0.99 (0.98–0.99)
Proteinuria, + vs (ref = negative or trace)
19.61 (7.54–51.03)
1.31 (1.08–1.58)
A composite analysis of CKD development and progression was performed in CKD naïve and preexisting CKD groups (). Analysis for the development of ESRD was performed in all subjects (). Data are presented as hazard ratio (95% confidential interval). ,†. Abbreviations: HbA1c: glycated hemoglobin; BMI: body mass index; SBP: systolic blood pressure; DBP: diastolic blood pressure; LDL: low-density lipoprotein; HDL: high-density lipoprotein; eGFR: estimated glomerular filtration rate.
