Renal Complication and Glycemic Control in Korean Veterans with Type 2 Diabetes: A 10-Year Retrospective Cohort Study
Table 3
Cox models for the risk of renal and other microvascular complications according to the baseline glycated hemoglobin level.
Outcome
Model
Baseline HbA1c
Renal complications
<48 mmol/mol
48-53 mmol/mol
53-58 mmol/mol
58-64 mmol/mol
64-69 mmol/mol
≥69 mmol/mol
<6.5%
6.5-7%
7–7.5%
7.5–8%
8–8.5%
≥8.5%
CKD development or progression
HR (95% CI)
1
1.29 (0.96-1.72)
1.17 (0.86-1.59)
1.07 (0.76-1.49)
1.42 (1.00-2.01)
1.98 (1.52-2.57)
Development of CKD
1
1.21 (0.86-1.70)
1.08 (0.76-1.54)
1.10 (0.74-1.63)
1.33 (0.88-2.02)
1.86 (1.38-2.52)
Progression of CKD
1
1.57 (0.90-2.72)
1.36 (0.72-2.59)
1.12 (0.58-2.14)
1.66 (0.85-3.22)
2.18 (1.27-3.75)
ESRD development
1
2.76 (0.80-9.55)
1.92 (0.53-6.89)
1.86 (0.48-7.11)
1.27 (0.23-7.14)
4.52 (1.44-14.13)
Other microvascular complications
Development of retinopathy
days
1
1.05 (0.73-1.53)
1.05 (0.72-1.55)
0.75 (0.48-1.18)
0.92 (0.57-1.47)
1.02 (0.72-1.44)
days
1
1.37 (0.80-2.33)
1.58 (0.93-2.67)
2.31 (1.39-3.86)
3.34 (2.01-5.56)
2.83 (1.81-4.42)
Neuropathy
days
1
1.26 (0.61-2.58)
0.79 (0.34-1.83)
1.01 (0.42-2.40)
1.18 (0.47-2.92)
2.09 (1.12-3.92)†
days
1
1.14 (0.69-1.88)
0.91 (0.53-1.56)
2.15 (1.33-3.50)
1.84 (1.07-3.17)†
1.94 (1.25-3.00)
days
1
0.40 (0.11-1.47)
0.88 (0.27-2.84)
0.52 (0.06-4.29)
1.45 (0.36-5.73)
0.47 (0.14-1.58)
Diabetic foot
1
0.40 (0.14-1.11)
0.31 (0.10-0.98)†
1.25 (0.57-2.75)
0.41 (0.12-1.48)
1.35 (0.69-2.65)
A composite analysis of CKD development and progression was performed in CKD-naïve and preexisting CKD groups (). Analysis for the development of ESRD was performed in all subjects (). Data are shown as HR (95% confidence interval). ,†, adjusted for age, sex, body mass index, systolic blood pressure, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, antihypertensive, and glucose-lowering agents. Abbreviations: CKD: chronic kidney disease; ESRD: end-stage renal disease; HR: hazard ratio; CI: confidence interval.
