|
Herb medicine | The form of herb medicine | Experimental model | Target | Pathway | Observed effect | Ref. |
|
| | | Mitochondrial biogenesis | | | |
Berberine | Pure chemical | Patients with DN, db/db diabetic mice | PCG-1α↑, FAO↑, AMPK↑ | PGC-1α signaling pathway | Restoration of PGC-1α activity and the energy homeostasis | [10] |
Tangshen formula | Extract | db/db diabetic mice, mTECs | PGC-1α↑, LXR↑, ABCA1↑ | PGC-1α-LXR-ABCA1 pathway | Improving cholesterol efflux | [11] |
Salidroside | Pure chemical | db/db diabetic mice | SIRT1↑, PGC-1α↑ | SIRT1/PGC-1α axis | Improving mitochondrial biogenesis | [12] |
Resveratrol | Pure chemical | db/db diabetic mice, HGECs | AdipoR1↑, AdipoR2↑, AMPK↑, SIRT1↑, PGC-1α↑, PPARα↑ | AMPK–SIRT1–PGC–1α axis | Ameliorating lipotoxicity, oxidative stress, apoptosis, and endothelial dysfunction | [13] |
Resveratrol | Pure chemical | db/db diabetic mice | AMPK↑, SIRT1↑, PGC-1α↑, PPARα↑ | AMPK–SIRT1–PGC–1α axis | Prevention of lipotoxicity-related apoptosis and oxidative stress | [14] |
Resveratrol | Pure chemical | STZ-induced diabetic rats, podocytes | SIRT1↑, PGC-1α↑, ROS↓ | SIRT1/PGC-1α axis | Inhibition of mitochondrial oxidative stress and apoptosis | [15] |
Resveratrol | Pure chemical | DN rabbits with AKI, HK-2 cells | SIRT1↑, PGC-1α↑, HIF-1α↓ | SIRT1–PGC–1α–HIF-1α signaling pathways | Reducing renal hypoxia, mitochondrial dysfunction and renal tubular cell apoptosis | [16] |
Marein | Extract | db/db diabetic mice, HK-2 cells | SGLT2↓, SREBP-1↓, AMPK↑, PGC-1α↑ | AMPK/ACC/PGC-1α pathway | Amelioration of fibrosis and inflammation | [17] |
| | | Mitochondrial dynamics | | | |
Berberine | Pure chemical | db/db diabetic mice, podocytes | DRP1↓, MFF↓, FIS1↓, MID49↓, MID51↓, PGC-1α↑ | DRP1 modulator | Inhibiting mitochondrial fission and cell apoptosis | [18] |
Astragaloside IV | Pure chemical | db/db diabetic mice | Drp1↓, MFF↓, Fis1↓ | Mitochondrial quality control network | Amelioration of renal injury | [19] |
Polydatin | Pure chemical | KKAy mice, hyperglycemia-induced MPC5 cells | DRP1↓, ROS↓, caspase-3↓, caspase-9↓ | ROS/DRP1/mitochondrial fission/apoptosis pathway | Impairing mitochondria fitness and ameliorating podocyte injury | [20] |
| | | Mitophagy | | | |
Astragaloside II | Pure chemical | STZ-induced diabetic rats | NRF2↑, Keap1↓, PINK1↑, Parkin↑ | NRF2 and PINK1 pathway | Amelioration of podocyte injury and mitochondrial dysfunction | [21] |
Huangqi-Danshen decoction | Extract | db/db diabetic mice | DRP-1↓, PINK1↑, Parkin↑ | PINK1/Parkin pathway | Protection kidney injury by inhibiting PINK1/Parkin-mediated mitophagy | [22] |
| | | Mitochondria ROS | | | |
Nepeta angustifolia C. Y. Wu | Extract | HFD/STZ-induced diabetic rats, mesangial cells | SOD↑, ROS↓, MDA↓ | Mitochondrial-caspase apoptosis pathway | Antioxidative stress, inflammation and inhibiting mesangial cell apoptosis | [23] |
Resveratrol | Pure chemical | db/db diabetic mice | ROS↓, AMPK↑, SIRT1 | AMPK/SIRT1-independent pathway | Antioxidative stress and enhanced mitochondrial biogenesis | [24] |
Betulinic acid | Pure chemical | STZ-induced diabetic rats | SOD↑, CAT ↑, MDA↓, AMPK, NF-κB↓, NRF2↑ | AMPK/NF-κB/NRF2 signaling pathway | Attenuating the oxidative stress and inflammatory condition | [25] |
Obacunone | Pure chemical | NRK-52E cells | SOD↑, GSK-3β↓, NRF2↑ | GSK-3β/Fyn pathway | Inhibiting oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction | [26] |
Curcumin | Pure chemical | STZ-induced diabetic rats | NRF2↑, FOXO-3a↑, PKCβII↓, NF-κB↓ | PKC βII/p 66 Shc axis | Antioxidative stress | [27] |
Notoginsenoside R1 | Pure chemical | db/db diabetic mice, HK-2 cells | ROS↓, NRF2↑, HO-1↑ | NRF2 pathway | Inhibition of apoptosis and renal fibrosis caused by oxidative stress | [28] |
Oleanolic acid and N-acetylcysteine | Pure chemical | Type 2 diabetic rat model, mesangial cells | ROS↓, NRF2↑, TGF-β/smad2/3↓, α-SMA↓ | NRF2/Keap1 system | Inhibition of oxidative stress and ER stress | [29] |
|