Association of Phthalate Exposure with Thyroid Function and Thyroid Homeostasis Parameters in Type 2 Diabetes
Table 1
Characteristics of the study samples.
Characteristic
Total
Men
Women
639
321
318
—
Age (yr)
0.405
BMI (kg/m2)
0.094
Smokers (%)
20.6
39.8
1.3
<0.001
HbA1c (%)
7.30 (1.70)
7.30 (1.60)
7.20 (1.70)
0.167
Thyroid parameters
TSH (mIU/L)
2.42 (1.89)
2.29 (1.66)
2.69 (2.06)
0.002
FT3 (pmol/L)
<0.001
FT4 (pmol/L)
0.068
T3 (nmol/L)
0.579
T4 (nmol/L)
0.001
TPOAb (+) (%)
6.1
4.4
7.9
0.065
TgAb (+) (%)
4.2
0.6
7.9
<0.001
TPOAb and/or TgAb (+) (%)
8.5
4.4
12.6
<0.001
Thyroid homeostasis parameters
SPINA-GD (nmol/s)
0.077
SPINA-GT (pmol/s)
2.24 (1.12)
2.29 (1.13)
2.21 (1.11)
0.556
TSHI
0.092
TTSI
181.21 (128.58)
175.01 (119.47)
195.95 (140.20)
0.009
Non-DEHP metabolites
MMP (μg/g)
7.17 (7.93)
7.52 (8.00)
6.99 (7.82)
0.342
MEP (μg/g)
24.00 (45.86)
21.55 (35.85)
27.04 (59.34)
0.001
MiBP (μg/g)
86.04 (85.49)
79.00 (80.36)
93.39 (91.23)
0.002
MnBP (μg/g)
142.70 (173.46)
129.61 (148.31)
165.12 (200.56)
0.002
MBzP (μg/g)
0.92 (1.28)
0.83 (1.33)
1.03 (1.24)
0.019
MCPP (μg/g)
3.94 (8.42)
3.47 (8.65)
4.44 (8.54)
0.005
MiNP (μg/g)
13.33 (14.20)
12.07 (12.18)
14.99 (17.09)
0.005
MCHP (μg/g)
0.05 (0.32)
0.06 (0.31)
0.04 (0.32)
0.946
DEHP metabolites
MEHP (μg/g)
4.02 (8.37)
4.66 (8.28)
3.54 (8.51)
0.236
MECPP (μg/g)
32.29 (34.83)
29.51 (30.10)
34.40 (39.73)
0.003
MEHHP (μg/g)
24.41 (28.01)
22.33 (24.69)
27.27 (34.25)
<0.001
MEOHP (μg/g)
12.57 (14.07)
11.15 (11.75)
14.00 (16.92)
0.01
MCMHP (μg/g)
9.65 (11.70)
8.67 (11.02)
11.34 (12.68)
<0.001
Data are summarized as the median (interquartile range) or the for continuous variables or a proportion for categorical variables. Normally distributed continuous variables are compared using Student’s -test. The Mann–Whitney test is used for nonnormally distributed continuous variables. The Pearson chi-squared test is used for dichotomous variables.
