Association of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus with Adverse Pregnancy Outcomes and Its Interaction with Maternal Age in Chinese Urban Women
Table 1
Characteristics of participants by gestational diabetes mellitus.
All
GDM
Non-GDM
value
Participants, (%)
8844
1229 (13.9)
7615 (86.1)
—
Maternal age (year), median (IQR)
28 (26, 31)
29 (26, 32)
28 (26, 30)
<0.001
Maternal age, (%)
<0.001
<35 years
8095 (91.5)
1074 (87.4)
7021 (92.2)
≥35 years
749 (8.5)
155 (12.6)
594 (7.8)
Education, (%)
0.801
High school and below
3346 (37.8)
461 (37.5)
2885 (37.9)
College or graduate school
5498 (62.2)
768 (62.5)
4730 (62.1)
Employment, (%)
0.304
Unemployed
6456 (73.0)
912 (74.2)
5544 (72.8)
Employed
2388 (27.0)
317 (25.8)
2071 (27.2)
Annual household income (RMB), (%)
0.874
<10000
7071 (80.0)
980 (79.7)
6091 (80.0)
10001-20000
1288 (14.6)
184 (15.0)
1104 (14.5)
>20000
485 (5.4)
65 (5.3)
420 (5.5)
Drinking during pregnancy, (%)
0.014
No
8607 (97.3)
1209 (98.4)
7398 (97.2)
Yes
237 (2.7)
20 (1.6)
217 (2.8)
Passive smoking during pregnancy, (%)
0.014
No
7059 (79.8)
949 (77.2)
6110 (80.2)
Yes
1785 (20.2)
280 (22.8)
1505 (19.8)
Prepregnancy BMI categories, (%)
<0.001
Underweight
7732 (87.4)
963 (78.4)
6769 (88.9)
Normal weight
946 (10.7)
204 (16.6)
742 (9.7)
Overweight/obesity
166 (1.9)
62 (5.0)
104 (1.4)
Parity, (%)
0.136
Primiparous
7237 (81.8)
987 (80.3)
6250 (82.1)
Multiparous
1607 (18.2)
242 (19.7)
1365 (17.9)
Use of ART, (%)
0.020
No
8680 (98.2)
1196 (97.3)
7484 (98.3)
Yes
164 (1.8)
33 (2.7)
131 (1.7)
Folic acid supplementation, (%)
0.237
No
4067 (46.0)
546 (44.4)
3521 (46.2)
Yes
4777 (54.0)
683 (44.6)
4094 (53.8)
Gestational age at delivery (week), median (IQR)
39 (38, 40)
39 (38, 39)
39 (38, 40)
<0.001
Gestational weight gain (kg)
<0.001
Lower
1282 (14.5)
245 (19.9)
1037 (13.6)
Middle
6367 (72.0)
833 (67.8)
5534 (72.7)
Higher
1195 (13.5)
151 (12.3)
1044 (13.7)
Abbreviations: ART: assisted reproductive technology; BMI: body mass index; GDM: gestational diabetes mellitus. Values are the median (interquartile range) or (%).
