Research Article
The Value of Ketone Bodies in the Evaluation of Kidney Function in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
Table 1
The 955 T2DM patients’ clinicopathological characteristics stratified by serum ketone body concentration.
| | Ketone body concentration (mmol/L) | 0.02-0.04 | 0.05-0.08 | 0.09-0.27 | >0.27 | |
| | No of subjects | 350 | 260 | 260 | 85 | | | Age (years old) | | † | † | | 0.025 | | Male ( (%)) | 163 (46.6%) | 143 (55.0%) | 165 (63.5%) | 58 (68.2%) | ≤0.001 | | Duration of diabetes (year) | | | | | 0.339 | | Smoker | 57 (16.3%) | 47 (18.1%)† | 69 (26.5%)‡ | 21 (25.0%)†§ | 0.009 | | Alcohol | 14 (4.0%) | 16 (6.2%)† | 20 (7.8%)† | 11 (13.1%)‡§ | 0.015 | | BMI (kg/m2) | | | | †‡§ | 0.023 | | Prevalence of hypertension (%) | 211 (60.5%) | 146 (56.2%) | 142 (54.6%) | 47 (56.0%) | 0.495 | | SBP (mmHg) | | | | | 0.941 | | DBP (mmHg) | | | | | 0.253 | | HR (bpm) | | | †‡ | †‡ | ≤0.001 | | FPG (mmol/L) | | † | †‡ | † | ≤0.001 | | 2hPG (mmol/L) | | | †‡ | † | ≤0.001 | | HbA1c (%) | | † | †‡ | † | ≤0.001 | | TG (mmol/L) | 1.33 (0.90-1.97) | 1.36 (0.97-2.07) | 1.40 (1.02-2.18) | 1.16 (0.84-1.87) | 0.032 | | TC (mmol/L) | | | | | 0.159 | | LDL (mmol/L) | | | | | 0.125 | | ALB (g/L) | | † | | †‡§ | 0.001 | | BUN (mmol/L) | | | | | 0.808 | | SCr (umol/L) | 60.85 (49.38-76.70) | 59.80 (47.93-73.95) | 61.70 (49.08-74.00) | 65.20 (46.30-83.00) | 0.572 | | eGFR (mL/min) | | | † | | 0.009 | | UACR (mg/g) | 13.65 (6.27-94.39) | 13.49 (6.45-62.62) | 16.81 (7.42-83.76) | 28.80 (10.98-145.92) | 0.055 | | α1-MG (mg/L) | 10.20 (4.19-20.50) | 9.18 (4.30-21.05) | 11.10 (4.78-24.05) | 21.10 (8.93-55.47)†‡§ | ≤0.001 | | U-IgG (mg/L) | 8.42 (4.41-23.98) | 6.82 (4.48-15.92) | 7.31 (4.27-19.70) | 14.20 (5.36-45.92)‡§ | 0.020 | | TRU (mg/L) | 9.97 (4.31-36.67) | 6.77 (3.34-22.45) | 8.96 (4.00-46.20) | 10.07 (3.43-61.22)†‡ | 0.386 | | DKD (%) | 123 (35.1%) | 84 (32.3%) | 78 (30.0%) | 40 (47.1%)†‡§ | 0.031 | | Increasedα1-MG | 110 (36.3%) | 79 (32.8%)† | 94 (41.2%)‡ | 45 (62.5%)†‡§ | ≤0.001 |
| | PRO | 0.006 | | - | 223 (67.0%) | 165 (65.5%) | 160 (66.4%) | 38 (46.9%) | | | + | 110 (33.0%) | 87 (34.5%) | 81 (33.6%) | 43 (53.1%)†‡§ | |
| | Reduced renal artery diameter (%) | 122 (70.5%) | 83 (69.7%) | 81 (63.8%) | 27 (75.0%) | 0.489 | | Increased PSV (%) | 81 (48.5%) | 46 (40.4%) | 48 (38.7%) | 17 (51.2%) | 0.245 | | Increased RI (%) | 104 (62.3%) | 43 (37.7%) | 75 (60.5%)†‡ | 14 (42.4%)†‡ | ≤0.001 |
| | Type of antidiabetic therapy | 0.236 | | None | 38 (10.9%) | 25 (9.6%) | 33 (12.7%) | 16 (19.0%) | | | OADs | 165 (47.4%) | 144 (55.4%) | 133 (51.2%) | 35 (41.7%) | | | Insulin | 33 (9.5%) | 26 (10.0%) | 23 (8.8%) | 9 (10.7%) | | | OADs + insulin | 112 (32.2%) | 65 (25.0%) | 71 (27.3%) | 24 (28.6%) | |
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Post hoc analysis: †compared with the ketone body concentration 0.02-0.04 group, ; ‡compared with the ketone body concentration 0.05-0.08 group, ; §compared with the ketone body concentration 0.09-0.27 group, . SBP: systolic blood pressure; DBP: diastolic blood pressure; HR: heart rate; FPG: fasting plasma glucose; 2hPG: 2 h 75 g oral glucose tolerance test plasma glucose; HbA1c: glycated hemoglobin; TG: triglycerides; TC: total cholesterol; LDL-C: low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; BMI: body mass index; SCr: serum creatinine; GFR: glomerular filtration rate; UACR: urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio; α1-MG: α1-microglobulin; U-IgG: urinary immunoglobulin G; TRU: urinary transferrin; PRO: urine protein; DKD: diabetic kidney disease; PSV: peak systolic velocity; RI: resistive index; OADs: oral antidiabetic drugs. . |
