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| Reference | Study design | Participants | Intervention | Control | Administration method | Baseline pain scores | Postintervention pain scores | Statistical difference | Adverse effects |
|
| Tedeschi et al. [66] | Observational cohort study | | Tapentadol prolonged release | None | Oral administration for 3 months | Mean NRS: | Mean NRS: visit 2:
; visit 3: ; visit 4: | | None |
| The European Study Group [67] | Prospective, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group, multicentre trial | (157 intervention, 157 control) | Pentoxifylline solution: 600 mg in 500 ml of saline | Saline: 500 ml | Intravenous infusions twice a day for a maximum of 21 days | Number (%) of patients
VAS median
Pentoxifylline: 40 (25-60)
Control: 40 (25-60) | Number (%) of patients
VAS median
Pentoxifylline: -22 (-42-0)
Control: -6 (-30-5) | Pentoxifylline vs. control: 95% | Gastrointestinal symptoms (pentoxifylline: 59 cases vs. control: 18 cases; ) |
| De Marchi et al. [68] | RCT | (24 intervention, 24 control) | PLC solution: 600 mg in 250 ml of saline solution | Saline: 250 ml | Intravenous twice a day for 15 days | Mean VAS
Intervention:
Control: | Mean VAS
Intervention:
Control: | PLC vs. correspondent baseline: | None |
| Veroux et al. [71] | Open-label, nonrandomized study | (group A: 25; group B: 31) | Iloprost: group A: a continuous 6-hour 0.5 to 2.0 ng/kg·min once daily; group B: 20 days at a mean dosage of 25 pg/d | None | Group A: IV infusion for at least 14 consecutive days; group B: a portable elastomeric infusion system | Group A: 16
Group B: 16 | Number of complete pain relief
Group A: 6
Group B: 11 | Complete pain relief rate
Group A: 6/16 (37.5)
Group B: 11/16 (68.8) | Patients (40.0%) who experienced AEs. In group B, 2 of the 31 patients (6.5%) had hyperemia |
| Keskinbora and Aydinli [70] | RCT | (32 bupivacaine alone, 14 bupivacaine plus morphine) | Bupivacaine plus morphine: 0.125% bupivacaine+10 mg morphine in 20 ml of saline | Bupivacaine alone: 0.125% bupivacaine in 20 ml of saline | Popliteal catheter consecutively | NRS scores (at rest)
Bupivacaine alone: ; bupivacaine plus morphine: ; NRS scores (during activity)
Bupivacaine alone:
Bupivacaine plus morphine: | NRS scores (at rest)
Bupivacaine alone: 60 min: ; 8 h: ; 12 h:
Bupivacaine plus morphine: 60 min: ; 8 h: ; 12 h:
NRS scores (during activity)
Bupivacaine alone: 60 min: ;
8 h: ; 12 h:
Bupivacaine plus morphine: 60 min: ; 8 h: ; 12 h: | NRS scores (at rest)
Bupivacaine alone: 60 min: ; 8 h: ; 12 h:
Bupivacaine plus morphine: 60 min: 001(vs. baseline); 8 h: (vs. baseline or vs. bupivacaine alone); 12 h: (vs. baseline or vs. bupivacaine alone)
NRS scores (during activity)
Bupivacaine alone: 60 min: ; 8 h: ; 12 h:
Bupivacaine plus morphine: 60 min: (vs. baseline); 8 h: (vs. baseline or vs. bupivacaine alone); 12 h: 001(vs. baseline or vs. bupivacaine alone) | Nausea in bupivacaine plus morphine: 1 (30% vs. 0%) |
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