The Cytokine Profiles and Immune Response Are Increased in COVID-19 Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Table 1

Comparison of characteristics, immune response, and cytokines of patients in different groups.

	NDM	IFG	DM
(%)	39 (54.93)	18 (25.35)	14 (19.72)
Age (y)
Female (%)	24 (61.54)	10 (55.56)	5 (35.71)
BMI (kg/m^2)
Hospitalization duration (d, 2 deaths were removed)	22.00 (19.00, 27.00)	21.00 (17.50, 23.00)	13.00 (9.00, 17.50)^/†
Duration from illness onset to discharge (d, 2 deaths were removed)			^†
Severity of illness
Moderate (%)	38 (97.44)	18 (100)	12 (85.71)
Severe (%)	1 (2.56)	0 (0)	2 (14.29)
Death (%)	1 (2.56)	0 (0)	1 (7.14)
Laboratory finding
White blood cell (G/L)^‡	4.97 (4.34, 6.05)	5.13 (4.42, 6.11)	5.91 (4.54, 7.62)
Neutrophil (G/L)^‡	2.98 (2.49, 4.08)	3.25 (2.58, 4.49)	3.42 (2.98, 5.09)
Lymphocyte (G/L)
Monocyte (G/L)^‡	0.44 (0.34, 0.60)	0.49 (0.39, 0.63)	0.47 (0.32, 0.52)
Lymphopenia (%)	11 (28.21)	8 (44.44)	7 (35.71)
IL-6/IL-10	3.94 (1.92, 14.82)	12.03 (3.16, 18.05)	17.61 (3.51, 33.20)
SARS-CoV-2 nucleic acid positive (%)	16 (41.03)	8 (44.44)	8 (57.14)
SARS-CoV-2 IgM antibody (AU/ml)^‡	35.08 (10.37, 77.25)	36.99 (12.55, 66.51)	62.75 (36.76, 75.87)
SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibody (AU/ml)^‡	156.83 (133.95, 169.74)	160.16 (133.70, 180.71)	176.06 (125.81, 187.96)

NDM: nondiabetes mellitus; IFG: impaired fasting glucose; DM: diabetes mellitus; vs. NDM group, ; ^†vs. IFG group, . ^‡Kruskal Wallis Test was performed when the data presented skewed distribution. One patient with DM died of severe heart failure and lactic acidosis after 11 h of admission. Another patient with lung cancer in the NDM group died of severe respiratory failure and refuse of trachea intubation on the 12th day after admission.