Relationships between Cognitive Function and Odor Identification, Balance Capability, and Muscle Strength in Middle-Aged Persons with and without Type 2 Diabetes

Table 7

Multiple linear regression analyses of the cognitive function stratified according to the presence or absence of diabetes.

(a)

	MoCA*
	Controls		Type 2 diabetes
	β	P	β	P
Age	0.055	0.648	−0.170	0.145
Male	−0.152	0.309	−0.065	0.667
Education >12 y	−0.045	0.702	−0.014	0.898
ApoE ε4 carrier	0.017	0.882	0.105	0.331
Open essence	−0.113	0.335	0.364	0.001
IPS	0.230	0.051	0.428	<0.001
Knee extension strength	0.034	0.824	−0.143	0.361
	TMT-A**
	Controls		Type 2 diabetes
	β	P	β	P
Age	−0.030	0.792	0.223	0.083
Male	−0.147	0.302	0.086	0.603
Education period	0.023	0.840	−0.105	0.391
ApoE ε4 carrier	0.090	0.405	−0.079	0.503
Open essence	−0.157	0.160	−0.141	0.234
IPS	−0.231	0.039	−0.254	0.049
Knee extension strength	−0.213	0.146	−0.141	0.410
	TMT-B**
	Controls		Type 2 diabetes
	β	P	β	P
Age	0.069	0.567	0.179	0.105
Male	−0.055	0.714	0.199	0.167
Education period	0.085	0.471	0.124	0.243
ApoE ε4 carrier	−0.019	0.865	0.032	0.756
Open essence	0.067	0.561	−0.264	0.012
IPS	−0.125	0.281	−0.434	<0.001
Knee extension strength	−0.205	0.180	−0.147	0.321

(b)

	WCST (CA)
	Controls		Type 2 diabetes
	β	P	β	P
Age	−0.077	0.526	−0.220	0.086
Male	0.178	0.240	0.190	0.252
Education >12 y	0.020	0.865	0.030	0.806
ApoE ε4 carrier	0.031	0.784	0.077	0.516
Open essence	0.082	0.485	0.058	0.625
IPS	0.116	0.323	0.379	0.004
Knee extension strength	0.027	0.863	−0.121	0.481
	WCST (PEN)**
	Controls		Type 2 diabetes
	β	P	β	P
Age	0.211	0.072	0.060	0.645
Male	−0.189	0.193	−0.174	0.309
Education >12 y	0.034	0.768	−0.048	0.702
ApoE ε4 carrier	0.005	0.961	0.005	0.967
Open essence	−0.106	0.348	−0.084	0.493
IPS	−0.107	0.341	−0.334	0.013
Knee extension strength	−0.079	0.593	<0.001	0.999
	QIDS**
	Controls		Type 2 diabetes
	β	P	β	P
Age	−0.167	0.159	−0.302	0.024
Male	−0.121	0.407	−0.126	0.462
Education >12 y	−0.123	0.285	0.057	0.649
ApoE ε4 carrier	0.232	0.040	0.147	0.233
Open essence	−0.108	0.342	−0.222	0.073
IPS	−0.144	0.209	−0.178	0.177
Knee extension strength	−0.057	0.705	0.062	0.727

(c)

	SAS
	Controls		Type 2 diabetes
	β	P	β	P
Age	−0.246	0.037	−0.299	0.024
Male	−0.169	0.243	0.137	0.419
Education >12 y	−0.025	0.828	−0.112	0.371
ApoE ε4 carrier	−0.018	0.869	−0.002	0.989
Open Essence	0.081	0.471	−0.075	0.538
IPS	−0.194	0.086	<0.001	0.999
Knee extension strength	−0.166	0.264	−0.375	0.035

Cubed variables and log-transformed variables are used for the analyses. ApoE: apolipoprotein E; CA: categories achieved; IPS: index of postural stability; MoCA: Montreal Cognitive Assessment; PEN: perseverative errors of Nelson; QIDS: Quick Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology Self-Report; SAS: Starkstein Apathy Scale; TMT-A: Trail Making Test part A; TMT-B: Trail Making Test part B; WCST: Wisconsin Card Sorting Test.