Association of Insulin Regimen and Estimated Body Fat Over Time among Youths and Young Adults with Type 1 Diabetes: The SEARCH for Diabetes in Youth Study
Table 4
Characteristics according to quartile of change in eBFP (baseline to last follow-up visit) for males.
Data are reported as mean (SD) for continuous variables and (%) for categorical variables
Quartile 1 (<2.6%)
Quartile 2 (2.6 to 5.1%)
Quartile 3 (5.1 to 8.0%)
Quartile 4 (>8.0%)
value
Demographics
Age at diabetes diagnosis (years)
11.4 (1.8)
11.8 (1.8)
13.7 (2.5)
14.8 (2.1)
<0.001
Race and ethnicity1
0.060
NHW
55 (72.4)
68 (86.1)
66 (88.0)
62 (83.8)
Black
7 (9.2)
5 (6.3)
1 (1.3)
1 (1.4)
Hispanic
10 (13.2)
4 (5.1)
8 (10.7)
7 (9.5)
Other
4 (5.3)
2 (2.5)
0 (0.0)
4 (5.4)
Health Insurance type1
0.063
Private
58 (76.3)
66 (83.5)
69 (92.0)
65 (90.3)
Public
15 (19.7)
11 (13.9)
3 (4.0)
5 (6.9)
Other/none
3 (4.0)
2 (2.5)
3 (4.0)
2 (2.8)
Parental education1
0.259
Less than high school graduate
4 (5.3)
4 (5.1)
2 (2.7)
1 (1.4)
High school graduate
13 (17.1)
9 (11.4)
14 (18.7)
11 (15.1)
Some college through an associate degree
29 (38.2)
27 (34.2)
15 (20.0)
22 (30.1)
Bachelor’s degree or more
30 (39.5)
39 (49.4)
44 (58.7)
39 (53.4)
Health behaviors
Smoking status1
0.022
Nonsmoker
68 (90.7)
70 (89.7)
60 (80.0)
58 (79.4)
Former
6 (8.0)
8 (10.3)
10 (13.3)
7 (9.6)
Current smoker
1 (1.3)
0 (0.0)
5 (6.7)
8 (11.0)
Healthy eating index ()
60.6 (6.4)
62.2 (7.1)
61.6 (6.4)
60.1 (6.4)
0.232
Physical activity
0.010
0-2 days
32 (42.7)
21 (26.9)
33 (44.0)
17 (23.3)
3-7 days
43 (57.3)
57 (73.1)
42 (56.0)
56 (76.7)
Time in sedentary behavior
0.840
<2 hours per day of screen time
30 (40.5)
34 (43.6)
30 (40.0)
34 (46.6)
2+ hours per day of screen time
44 (59.5)
44 (56.4)
45 (60.0)
39 (53.4)
Clinical characteristics
eBFP (%)
30.9 (5.0)
25.7 (4.7)
24.1 (5.3)
21.4 (3.9)
<0.001
BMIz
1.15 (0.73)
0.37 (0.99)
0.51 (0.84)
0.12 (0.94)
<0.001
Weight status
<0.001
Underweight/normal
27 (35.5)
58 (73.4)
54 (72.0)
62 (83.8)
Overweight
26 (34.2)
13 (16.5)
17 (22.7)
8 (10.8)
Obese
23 (30.3)
8 (10.1)
4 (5.3)
4 (5.4)
Baseline insulin regimen
0.002
Pump
7 (9.2)
9 (11.4)
8 (10.7)
10 (13.5)
Long-acting+short/rapid-acting insulin, 3×/day
16 (21.1)
21 (26.6)
32 (42.7)
36 (48.6)
Long-acting+any other combination, 2×/day
9 (11.8)
4 (5.1)
1 (1.3)
6 (8.1)
Any combo of insulins excluding long-acting, 3×
12 (15.8)
9 (11.4)
7 (9.3)
10 (13.5)
Any insulin 1×/day or combo excluding 2×
32 (42.1)
36 (45.6)
27 (36.0)
12 (16.2)
Longitudinal insulin regimen
0.486
Pump
17 (22.4)
15 (19.0)
22 (29.3)
21 (28.4)
Injections
36 (47.4)
44 (55.7)
37 (49.3)
39 (52.7)
Pump-to-injections transition
10 (13.2)
4 (5.1)
6 (8.0)
4 (5.4)
Injections-to-pump transition
13 (17.1)
16 (20.2)
10 (13.3)
10 (13.5)
Insulin total daily dose (units/kilogram)
0.72 (0.38)
0.64 (0.35)
0.67 (0.32)
0.64 (0.36)
0.354
Change in insulin daily dose
0.08 (0.48)
0.40 (2.1)
0.15 (0.41)
0.20 (0.49)
0.357
HbA1c ()
7.5 (1.7)
7.5 (1.4)
7.6 (1.7)
7.6 (1.9)
0.972
HbA1c category ()
0.784
62 (86.1)
63 (84.0)
63 (86.3)
59 (80.8)
10 (13.9)
12 (16.0)
10 (13.7)
14 (19.2)
1Fisher’s exact test with Monte Carlo standard error estimation. eBFP: estimated body fat percentage; BMIz: body mass index -score; HbA1c: hemoglobin A1c.
