Effects of Resistant Starch on Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Table 1

Basic characteristics of the included research.

Study, year	Participant	M/F^a	Control	Intervention	Mean age (S.D. or range), years	Design	Fiber dose (S.D. or range) (g/day)	Duration (weeks)
Sirich et al. 2014 [15]	40 HD^b	24/16	Waxy corn starch ()	RS (Hi-maize 260) ()		R^e.DB^f.P^g	15	6
Tayebi et al., 2018 [17]	44 HD	28/16	Regular wheat flour ()	HAM-RS2 ()		R.DB.P	20 (0-4 w); 25 (4-8 w)	8
Marta et al., 2018 [18]	31 HD	18/13	Manioc flour ()	Hi-Maize ® 260 ()		R.DB.P	16	4
Meng et al., 2019 [19]	70 type 2 DN^c	39/31	Ordinary staple food ()	High-RS, low-protein flour ()		R.DB.P	16	4
Tayebi et al., 2019 [20]	44 HD	N^d	Waxy corn starch placebo cookie ()	(HAM-RS2) ()		R.DB.P	20 (0-4 w); 25 (4-8 w)	8
Laffin et al., 2019 [21]	20 HD	13/7	Fermentable fiber placebo cookies ()	(HAM-RS2) ()		R.DB.P	20 (0-4 w); 25 (4-8 w)	8
Marta et al., 2020 (1) [22]	26 HD	N	Manioc flour ()	Cookies rich in resistant starch ()		R.TB^h.C^i	16	4
Marta et al., 2020 (2) [22]	26 HD	N	Manioc flour ()	Cookies rich in resistant starch ()		R.TB.C	16	4
Andrade et al., 2021 (1) [26]	26 PD^h	14/12	Waxy corn starch ()	Unripe banana flour (RS 48%) ()		R.TB.C	14	8
Andrade et al., 2021 (2) [26]	11 PD	5/6	Waxy corn starch ()	Unripe banana flour (RS 48%) ()		R.TB.C	18.7	8

Abbreviations: M/F^a; ratio of male and female; HD^b: hemodialysis; DN^c: diabetic nephropathy; N^d: none; R^e; randomized; DB^f: double-blind; TB^h: triple-blind; Cⁱ: crossover; P^g: parallel; PD^h: peritoneal dialysis.