Effects of Resistant Starch on Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Table 2

Summary of the effects of RS intake in patients with CKD compared with control.

Outcome	No. of studies	No. of populations (intervention/control)	Test for	Heterogeneity ()	Analysis model	Overall effect ()	Mean difference, 95% CI
SCR^a (mmol/L)	4	98/99	75%	0.007	Random-effects	0.78	-28.88 (-101.11, 43.35)
HD^b	3	64/63	77%	0.01	Random-effects	0.69	-44.94 (-171.99, 82.12)
NHD^c	1	34/36	—	—	—	0.30	4.00(-3.49, 11.49)
hs-CRP^a (mg/dl)	4	84/83	1%	0.39	Random-effects	0.31	-0.05(-0.15, 0.05)
IL-6^a (pg/mL)	4	84/89	88%	<0.00001	Random-effects	0.12	-0.77 (-1.75, 0.21)
HD^b	3	50/53	79%	0.008	Random-effects	0.02	-1.16 (-2.16, -0.16)
NHD^c	1	34/36	—	—	—	0.21	0.30 (-0.17, 0.77)
BUN^a (mg/dl)	5	118/119	0%	0.64	Random-effects	0.44	-0.60 (-2.12,0.93)
HD^b	4	84/83	0%	0.97	Random-effects	0.10	-4.94 (-10.81,0.93)
NHD^c	1	34/36	—	—	Random-effects	0.73	-0.28 (-1.86,1.30)
TC (mmol/L)^a	3	79/79	0%	0.82	Random-effects	0.21	0.20 (-0.11, 0.51)
HD^b	2	45/43	0%	0.86	Random-effects	0.19	-0.29 (-0.14, 0.72)
NHD^c	1	34/36	—	—	—	0.21	0.10 (-0.35, 0.55)
TG (mmol/L)^a	3	79/79	0%	0.86	Random-effects	0.70	0.05(-0.20,0.29)
HD^b	2	45/43	0%	0.72	Random-effects	0.57	0.10 (-0.25,0.46)
NHD^c	1	34/36	—	—	—	1	0.00 (-0.33, 0.33)
HDL (mmol/L)^a	3	79/79	0%	0.68	Random-effects	0.16	0.06 (-0.03, 0.15)
HD^b	2	45/43	0%	1	Random-effects	0.76	0.02 (-0.11, 0.15)
NHD^c	1	34/36	—	—	—	0.1	0.10 (-0.02, 0.22)

^aThe total effect. HD^b: hemodialysis subgroup; NHD^c: nonhemodialysis subgroup; TC: total cholesterol; TG: triglycerides; HDL: high-density lipoprotein; SCR: serum creatinine; BUN: blood urea nitrogen.