Author, reference Study design/subjects Intervention Instruments/measurements Outcomes/finding Quality rating Wangberg [55 ] Two-group randomized trial; diabetes patients ( One month tailored Internet-based self-care management (diet, blood glucose or physical activity) Diabetes self-care activities and competence scales ↑ Self-care behavior in both groups, but in HSE group was more than the LSE group Weak Sacco et al. [53 ] Randomized control trial; diabetes patients ( Telephone coaching intervention (brief and proactive) for 2 years Glycemic control, diabetes self-care activities, self-efficacy, reinforcement for self-care activities, and awareness of self-care goals were measured Awareness of self-care goals, self-efficacy, and reinforcement →↑ adherence to exercise and a healthy diet and ↓ medical complications and depression Moderate Lorig et al. [57 ] Randomized control trial; diabetes patients ( Online diabetes self-management program (with six trials and 18-month follow-up) Health status, health behaviors, health care utilization, patient activation, and self-efficacy were measured Improve HbA1C, exercise, patient activation, self-efficacy, and reinforcement or follow-up had no beneficial effect Moderate Wolever et al. [54 ] Randomized clinical trial; patients with type 2 diabetes ( Integrative health (IH) coaching (coaching was conducted by telephone for fourteen 30-minute sessions for six months) Glycemic control, medication adherence, exercise frequency, patient engagement, and psychosocial variables were assessed IH improved psychosocial outcomes (stress, exercise frequency, self-reported adherence, and self-efficacy) Moderate Khan et al. [60 ] Randomized controlled trial; adults with type 2 diabetes ( Computer multimedia diabetes education program (waiting room-administered, low-literacy) Glycemic control, changes in behaviors, diabetes knowledge, self-efficacy, and medications prescribed were measured over 3 months Multimedia-educated group had better adherence to oral medication but not for self-efficacy and other self-management behavior Strong Goodarzi et al. [58 ] Randomized controlled trial; diabetic patients ( Intervention group received 4 messages weekly about exercise, diet, and medication for 12 weeks Patient’s knowledge, attitude, practice, and self-efficacy were evaluated by questionaries Smartphone communication increased the patients’ self-efficacy in the intervention group Moderate Markowitz et al. [61 ] Qualitative substudy diabetic patients completed and maintained physical activity after healthy eating and active living for diabetes program ( Mobile-based healthy eating and active living for diabetes program Interview questions focused on what participants liked or did not like about HEALD and their maintenance of physical activity six months after the program ended This primary care-based walking program (24 weeks) was not effective to develop exercise-related motivation and self-efficacy behaviors Weak Block et al. [56 ] Randomized controlled trial; prediabetes ( Six-month online program (algorithm-driven) for prevention and improvement of diabetes Five summary questions were asked on patients eating habits and one question on physical activity self-rated health status and self-efficacy Improvement in achieving goals for self-efficacy and satisfaction, resulting in promoting physical activity behavior Moderate Lari et al. [52 ] Randomized clinical trial study; adult with type 2 diabetes Three-month education of diabetic patients using multimedia- (CD-) based health promotion model Health promotion model questionnaires (self-efficacy; perceived benefits, barriers, and social support) Intervention improved subjects’ belief about PA and increase their adherence to exercise Moderate Lari et al. [59 ] Randomized clinical trial study; adult with type 2 diabetes Short message service- (SMS-) based model or multimedia counselling intervention Health promotion model questionnaires (self-efficacy; perceived benefits, barriers, and social support) Better effect of multimedia education on patients’ self-efficacy and their belief about physical activity behavior than SMS Moderate
