The Amelioration of Detrimental Biochemical Anomalies by Supplementing B, C, and E Vitamins in Subjects with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus May Reduce the Rate of Development of Diabetic Retinopathy

Table 2

Comparison of different biochemical parameters between the groups at baseline and within the groups after 5 years.

Parameters	Group A0	Group B0	value for A0 vs. B0	A5	value for A0 vs. A5	B5	value for B0 vs. B5
PBMC ROS (geomean of DCF/10^5 cells)			0.846		0.539		0.026
MDA (nmol/ml)			0.569		0.804		0.0006
SOD (U/ml)			0.891		0.337		0.0003
GR (mU/ml)			0.946		0.701		0.0009
GSH (nmol/ml)			0.699		0.546
AGE (μg/ml)			0.699		0.938
VEGF (pg/ml)			0.841		0.921		0.0002

A0: baseline levels of different parameters of Group A; A5: levels of different parameters of Group A after 5 years; B0: baseline levels of different parameters of Group B; B5: levels of different parameters of Group B after 5 years; PBMC ROS: peripheral blood mononuclear cell reactive oxygen species; MDA: malondialdehyde; SOD: superoxide dismutase; GR: glutathione reductase; GSH: reduced glutathione; AGE: advanced glycation end products; VEGF: vascular endothelial growth factor. Two sets of paired observations were compared by paired -test; value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.