Long-Term Metabolic Outcomes after Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (GDM): Results from the Odense GDM Follow-Up Study (OGFUS)
Table 1
Comparison of clinical and metabolic characteristics between women with previous gestational diabetes mellitus (pGDM) and controls (non-GDM).
pGDM ()
Non-GDM ()
Valid
Median (IQR) or (%)
Valid
Median (IQR) or (%)
Follow-up time (years)
128
7.8 (6.3-10.9)
63
10.0 (8.0-12.1)
0.005
Age at delivery at index pregnancy (years)
128
33.2 (30.1-37.0)
63
35.6 (32.8-38.4)
0.0031
Age at follow-up (years)
128
41.7 (38.7-45.4)
70
45.8 (41.9-48.4)
<0.0011
Nulliparity at index pregnancy
125
41 (32.0%)
62
26 (37.1%)
0.26
Prepregnancy BMI (kg/m2)
124
28.2 (24.2-32.8)
59
27.2 (24.2-30.2)
0.27
Family history of type 2 diabetes
125
42 (32.8%)
68
12 (17.1%)
0.019
Caucasian ethnicity
127
115 (89.8%)
70
70 (100%)
0.005
Weight (kg)
128
78.7 (68.2-92.2)
70
80.1 (68.2-90.9)
0.83
Height (cm)
128
164 (160-169)
70
168 (164-172)
<0.0011
BMI (kg/m2)
128
29.4 (25.5-33.8)
70
27.6 (25.0-31.8)
0.18
Hip circumference (cm)
127
111 (104-119)
70
109 (102-116)
0.32
Waist circumference (cm)
128
94.0 (85.5-105)
70
92.5 (81.2-103.0)
0.43
Fat (%)
128
40.4 (35.6-43.9)
70
37.8 (33.4-43.0)
0.12
Fat mass (kg)
128
31.9 (25.1-40.0)
70
29.9 (23.7-40.0)
0.47
Systolic BP (mmHG)
128
127 (117-139)
69
118 (111-128)
<0.001
Diastolic BP (mmHG)
128
81.5 (72.8-87.0)
69
74 (69.0–79.0)
<0.001
Antihypertensive drugs (self-reported)
126
16 (12.5%)
70
4 (5.7%)
0.14
Plasma-total cholesterol (mmol/l)
126
4.8 (4.2-5.4)
69
4.9 (4.3-5.6)
0.901
Plasma-LDL cholesterol (mmol/l)
126
2.9 (2.4-3.5)
69
3.0 (2.5-3.5)
0.821
Plasma-HDL cholesterol (mmol/l)
127
1.3 (1.1-1.5)
69
1.4 (1.3-1.7)
<0.001
Triglycerides (mmol/l)
127
1.2 (0.9-1.6)
69
0.9 (0.7-1.2)
<0.001
Cholesterol-lowering drugs (self-reported)
126
8 (6.2%)
70
1 (1.4%)
0.16
Plasma-alanine transaminase (U/l)
126
20.0 (16.0-28.0)
69
20 (15.0–24.0)
0.16
Plasma-alkalic phosphatase (U/l)
128
66.0 (55.8-78.0)
69
59 (49.0–66.0)
0.006
Plasma-gamma-glutamyl transferase (U/l)
127
21 (15.0–30.0)
69
18 (14.0–31.0)
0.23
HbA1c (%)
127
5.6 (5.3-6.0)
69
5.3 (5.1-5.4)
<0.001
HbA1c (mmol/mol)
127
38 (34–42)
69
34 (32–36)
<0.001
BMI: body mass index; BP: blood pressure; HDL: high-density lipoprotein; IQR: interquartile range; LDL: low-density lipoprotein. Data are presented as percentage of all participants. 1Differences were tested with Student’s -test instead of Mann-Whitney test.
