Long-Term Metabolic Outcomes after Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (GDM): Results from the Odense GDM Follow-Up Study (OGFUS)
Table 2
Comparison of rates of impaired glucose metabolism and components of the metabolic syndrome between women with previous gestational diabetes (pGDM) and controls (non-GDM).
pGDM ()
Non-GDM ()
Valid
(%)
Valid
(%)
Glucose metabolism
Type 2 diabetes mellitus—diagnosed before follow-up (known)
128
16 (12.5%)
70
0 (0.0%)
<0.001
Type 2 diabetes mellitus—newly diagnosed at follow-up1,2
112
17 (13.3%)
70
0 (0.0%)
<0.001
Prediabetes, fasting glucose1
95
18 (14.1%)
70
4 (5.7%)
0.019
Prediabetes, 2 h glucose OGTT1
95
38 (29.7%)
70
7 (10.0%)
<0.001
Prediabetes, HbA1c2
95
13 (10.2%)
69
1 (1.4%)
0.005
Glycemic status
128
70
<0.001
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (known and newly diagnosed)
33 (25.8%)
0 (0.0%)
Prediabetes1,2
48 (37.5%)
10 (14.3%)
Normoglycemic
47 (36.7%)
60 (85.7%)
Metabolic syndrome3
Raised blood pressure
128
66 (51.6%)
69
18 (25.7%)
<0.001
Raised triglycerides
127
32 (25.0%)
69
4 (5.7%)
<0.001
Reduced HDL cholesterol
127
64 (50.0%)
69
17 (24.3%)
<0.001
Obesity
128
109 (85.2%)
70
59 (84.3%)
1.0
Impaired glucose metabolism
128
83 (64.8%)
70
22 (31.4%)
<0.001
Metabolic syndrome
127
76 (59.4%)
69
15 (21.4%)
<0.001
HDL: high-density lipoprotein; OGTT: oral glucose tolerance test. Data are presented as percentage of all participants. 1According to the criteria published by the World Health Organization (WHO) in 2006 [22]. 2According to the criteria published by the World Health Organization (WHO) in 2011 [23]. 3According to the 2006 International Diabetes Federation (IDF) criteria for the metabolic syndrome [24].
