To the Future: The Role of Exosome-Derived microRNAs as Markers, Mediators, and Therapies for Endothelial Dysfunction in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Table 1

Extracellular miRNAs associated with type 2 diabetes mellitus and endothelial dysfunction.

miRNA	Normaglycemic	T2DM	Targets/pathways	Source	Complication	Reference
miR-126	Up	Down	SPRED-1; PIK3R2/p85- ß –; PLK4	Plasma	Impaired angiogenesis	[20, 22, 89]
miR-26a	Up	Down	TRPC6	Plasma	Impaired angiogenesis	[90]
miR-133b	Down	Up	MAPK/ERK signaling	Serum	Diabetic nephropathy	[61, 91]
miR-342	Down	Up	SRY-box 6 (SOX-6)	Serum	Diabetic nephropathy	[61, 92]
miR-30a	Down	Up	TGF-ß 1; Becn1	Serum	Diabetic nephropathy	[61, 93]
miR-326		Up	ADIPOR-2 (adiponectin)	Plasma	T2DM	[40]
Let-7a	Down		Glucose metabolism	Plasma	T2DM	[40]
Let-7f	Down		Glucose metabolism	Plasma	T2DM	[40]
miR-20b-5p	Down	Up	AKT-interacting protein	Serum	T2DM	[52]
miR-21-5p	Down	Up	WWP1 (WW domain-containing protein 1); Endothelial progenitor cell proliferation	Plasma	T2DM	[94, 95]
miR-375-3p	Down	Up	ß-cell function	Serum	T2DM	[96]
miR-362-3p	Down		ADAMTS1	Plasma	Atherosclerosis (CAD)	[97]
miR-15a	Down	Up	UCP-2	RBC	T2DM	[6, 34]
miR-15b	Down	Up	TNF-alpha; SOCS3	RBC	Pre-T2DM	[6]
miR-499	Down	Up	PTEN	RBC	Pre-T2DM	[6]
miR-7	Down	Up	mTOR signaling	Serum	Vascular complications	[98]
miR-25-3p		Up	CDH1 and PTEN	Plasma	Diabetic retinopathy	[36]
miR-320b	Down	Up	Angiogenesis	Plasma	Diabetic retinopathy	[36]
miR-495-3p	Down	Down		Plasma	Diabetic retinopathy	[36]
miR-34a	Down	Up	Sirt1	Mouse aortic endothelial cells	Endothelial dysfunction	[25]
miR-210	Down	Up	Cell proliferation	Serum	Diabetic retinopathy	[37]
miR-210	Up	Down	PTP1B	RBC	T2DM	[38]
miR-139-5p	Down	Up	c-Jun	Peripheral blood	T2DM	[35]