To the Future: The Role of Exosome-Derived microRNAs as Markers, Mediators, and Therapies for Endothelial Dysfunction in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Table 2

Exosomal microRNAs associated with type 2 diabetes mellitus and endothelial dysfunction.

miRNA	Normaglycemic (concentration/excretion)	T2DM (concentration/excretion)	Targets/pathways	Source of exosomes	Method of isolation	Complication	Reference
miR-451	Low	High	YWHAZ; CAB39	Urine	Ultracentrifugation	Diabetic nephropathy	[33, 54, 60]
Let-7c-5p	Low	High		Urine	Differential centrifugation	Diabetic nephropathy	[99]
miR-192	Low	High	Egr1	Urine	Ultracentrifugation	Diabetic nephropathy	[100, 101]
Let-7e-5p	Low	High	FASLG (migration and tube formation of endothelial progenitor cells	Urine	miRCURY™ exosome isolation kits (Qiagen)	Diabetic nephropathy	[58, 102, 103]
miR-15b	Low	High	TNF-alpha	Urine	Ultracentrifugation	Diabetic nephropathy	[59]
miR-34a	Low	High	Growth arrest specific 1 (GAS1)
miR-636	Low	High	Adipogenesis
miR-30b-5p	Low	High	Epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition	Urine	Ultracentrifugation	Diabetic nephropathy	[58]
miR-20-5p	Low	High	Wnt9b/ß-catenin signaling pathway	Peripheral blood	Ultracentrifugation	Wound healing; Angiogenesis	[49, 50]
miR-126	Low	High	Angiogenesis; Vascular integrity	Mouse brain endothelial cells	ExoQuick-TC (exosome precipitation solution kit, system biosciences)	Stroke	[53]
miR-320c	Low	High	ADAMTS5; CDK6; TSP-4; BMP6	Urine	ExoQuick-TC (exosome precipitation solution kit, system biosciences)	Diabetic nephropathy	[28]
Let-7i-3p	Low	High	Wnt/b-catenin signaling cascade, activin receptor signaling, and cell differentiation and proliferation	Urine	miRCURY™ exosome isolation kits (Qiagen)	Diabetic nephropathy	[62]
miR-24-3p	Low	High				Diabetic nephropathy
miR-27b-3p	Low	High				Diabetic nephropathy
miR-15b-5p	High	Low				Diabetic nephropathy
miR-25-3p	Low	High	Endothelial cell proliferation; Angiogenesis	Plasma	ExoQuick-TC (exosome precipitation solution kit, system biosciences	Diabetic retinopathy	[36]
miR-320b	Low	High
miR-495-3p	Low	High