Review Article
To the Future: The Role of Exosome-Derived microRNAs as Markers, Mediators, and Therapies for Endothelial Dysfunction in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
Table 2
Exosomal microRNAs associated with type 2 diabetes mellitus and endothelial dysfunction.
| miRNA | Normaglycemic (concentration/excretion) | T2DM (concentration/excretion) | Targets/pathways | Source of exosomes | Method of isolation | Complication | Reference |
| miR-451 | Low | High | YWHAZ CAB39 | Urine | Ultracentrifugation | Diabetic nephropathy | [33, 54, 60] | Let-7c-5p | Low | High | | Urine | Differential centrifugation | Diabetic nephropathy | [99] | miR-192 | Low | High | Egr1 | Urine | Ultracentrifugation | Diabetic nephropathy | [100, 101] | Let-7e-5p | Low | High | FASLG (migration and tube formation of endothelial progenitor cells | Urine | miRCURY™ exosome isolation kits (Qiagen) | Diabetic nephropathy | [58, 102, 103] | miR-15b | Low | High | TNF-alpha | Urine | Ultracentrifugation | Diabetic nephropathy | [59] | miR-34a | Low | High | Growth arrest specific 1 (GAS1) | miR-636 | Low | High | Adipogenesis | miR-30b-5p | Low | High | Epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition | Urine | Ultracentrifugation | Diabetic nephropathy | [58] | miR-20-5p | Low | High | Wnt9b/ß-catenin signaling pathway | Peripheral blood | Ultracentrifugation | Wound healing Angiogenesis | [49, 50] | miR-126 | Low | High | Angiogenesis Vascular integrity | Mouse brain endothelial cells | ExoQuick-TC (exosome precipitation solution kit, system biosciences) | Stroke | [53] | miR-320c | Low | High | ADAMTS5 CDK6 TSP-4 BMP6 | Urine | ExoQuick-TC (exosome precipitation solution kit, system biosciences) | Diabetic nephropathy | [28] | Let-7i-3p | Low | High | Wnt/b-catenin signaling cascade, activin receptor signaling, and cell differentiation and proliferation | Urine | miRCURY™ exosome isolation kits (Qiagen) | Diabetic nephropathy | [62] | miR-24-3p | Low | High | Diabetic nephropathy | miR-27b-3p | Low | High | Diabetic nephropathy | miR-15b-5p | High | Low | Diabetic nephropathy | miR-25-3p | Low | High | Endothelial cell proliferation Angiogenesis | Plasma | ExoQuick-TC (exosome precipitation solution kit, system biosciences | Diabetic retinopathy | [36] | miR-320b | Low | High | miR-495-3p | Low | High |
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