Diabetes Increases Risk of Cardiovascular Events in Patients Receiving Permanent Pacemaker: A Propensity Score-Matched Cohort Study

Table 1

Baseline characteristics of the study patients before and after propensity score matching.

	Before matching				After matching
	Diabetes (; 36.3%)	Nondiabetes (; 63.7%)	value	SMD	Diabetes ()		Nondiabetes ()	value	SMD
Baseline characteristics
Age, (years)	73 ± 9	73 ± 12	0.080	0.080	74 ± 9	75 ± 11	0.232	0.088
Male	300 (47.5)	547 (49.3)	0.467	0.030	185 (49.6)	190 (50.9)	0.714	0.027
Body mass index, (kg/m^2)	26 ± 4	24 ± 4	<0.001	N/A	25 ± 4	25 ± 4	0.046	N/A
Overweight (>30 kg/m^2)	59 (9.3)	44 (4.0)	<0.001	0.187	22 (5.9)	26 (7.0)	0.551	0.044
Underweight (<20 kg/m^2)	21 (3.3)	116 (10.5)	<0.001	0.248	17 (4.6)	21 (5.6)	0.505	0.049
Hypertension	524 (82.9)	716 (64.5)	<0.001	0.433	296 (79.4)	295 (79.1)	0.928	0.007
Hyperlipidemia	319 (50.5)	293 (26.4)	<0.001	0.567	160 (42.9)	163 (43.7)	0.825	0.016
Coronary artery disease	187 (29.6)	162 (14.6)	<0.001	0.368	79 (21.2)	74 (19.8)	0.650	0.033
Heart failure history	130 (20.6)	183 (16.5)	0.033	0.092	63 (16.9)	63 (16.9)	1.000	<0.001
Valvular heart disease†	27 (4.3)	68 (6.1)	0.101	0.081	19 (5.1)	21 (5.6)	0.745	0.024
Atrial fibrillation	219 (34.7)	457 (41.2)	0.007	0.188	143 (38.3)	147 (39.4)	0.764	0.022
Cerebrovascular accident	142 (22.5)	201 (18.1)	0.028	0.077	75 (20.1)	75 (20.1)	1.000	<0.001
Chronic kidney disease‡	291 (46.0)	396 (35.7)	<0.001	0.210	170 (45.6)	169 (45.3)	0.941	0.005
End-stage renal disease§	68 (10.8)	46 (4.1)	<0.001	0.254	20 (5.4)	20 (5.4)	1.000	<0.001
Chronic lung disease||	27 (4.3)	54 (4.9)	0.572	0.073	14 (3.8)	16 (4.3)	0.709	0.027
History of cardiovascular surgery	31 (4.9)	55 (5.0)	0.963	0.014	17 (4.6)	16 (4.3)	0.859	0.013
History of cancer	74 (11.7)	121 (10.9)	0.607	0.055	45 (12.1)	51 (13.7)	0.512	0.048
Prescription for drugs
Beta-blocker	121 (19.1)	146 (13.2)	0.001	0.177	64 (17.2)	51 (13.7)	0.187	0.097
ACEi/ARB	370 (58.5)	506 (45.6)	<0.001	0.297	212 (56.8)	203 (54.4)	0.507	0.049
Diuretic agents	212 (33.5)	257 (23.2)	<0.001	0.265	113 (30.3)	114 (30.6)	0.937	0.006
Statin	193 (30.5)	152 (13.7)	<0.001	0.439	89 (23.9)	95 (25.5)	0.610	0.037
Diabetic therapy
Diet control alone	81 (12.8)				59 (15.8)
Oral antidiabetic drugs	472 (74.7)				282 (75.6)
Insulin-based therapy	79 (12.5)				32 (8.6)
Laboratory data
Hemoglobin, (g/dL)	12.0 ± 1.9	12.8 ± 1.9	<0.001	0.409	12.3 ± 1.9	12.2 ± 1.9	0.754	0.023
Serum creatinine, (mg/dL)	2.0 ± 2.1	1.4 ± 1.7	<0.001	0.301	1.7 ± 1.8	1.6 ± 2.0	0.732	0.025
eGFR, (mL/min/1.73m^2)	54 ± 30	67 ± 29	<0.001	N/A	58 ± 28	61 ± 29	0.171	N/A
HbA1c
mmol/mol	54 ± 10	39 ± 3	<0.001	N/A	52 ± 8	39 ± 3	<0.001	N/A
%	7.1 ± 1.3	5.7 ± 0.4	<0.001	N/A	6.9 ± 1.1	5.7 ± 0.4	<0.001	N/A
LDL, (mg/dL)	90 ± 34	101 ± 34	<0.001	N/A	89 ± 33	101 ± 39	0.001	N/A
HDL, (mg/dL)	47 ± 13	53 ± 16	<0.001	N/A	48 ± 13	52 ± 15	0.005	N/A
Triglyceride, (mg/dL)	128 ± 87	103 ± 55	<0.001	N/A	124 ± 99	109 ± 59	0.049	N/A
Albuminuria, (mg/g)	141 (22.3)	70 (6.3)	<0.001	N/A	89 (23.9)	36 (9.7)	<0.001	N/A
Microalbuminuria	91 (14.4)	53 (4.8)	<0.001	N/A	58 (15.5)	25 (6.7)	<0.001	N/A
Macroalbuminuria	50 (7.9)	17 (1.5)	<0.001	N/A	31 (8.3)	11 (2.9)	0.001	N/A
Electrocardiographic and pacemaker data
Patients with atrioventricular block	278 (44.0)	397 (35.8)	0.001	0.282	154 (41.4)	156 (41.8)	0.882	0.011
Number of pacemaker lead	1.9 ± 3.8	1.8 ± 3.8	0.025	0.107	1.9 ± 0.3	1.9 ± 0.3	0.661	0.034
Baseline QRS duration (ms)	103 ± 25	101 ± 24	0.037	0.127	103 ± 24	103 ± 25	0.928	0.007
Pacing QRS duration (ms)	167 ± 19	164 ± 19	0.019	0.154	165 ± 17	164 ± 18	0.180	0.098
Percentage of right ventricular pacing (%)	64 ± 42; (range: 0-100)	52 ± 44; (range: 0-100)	<0.001	N/A	62 ± 42; (range: 0-100)	54 ± 42; (range: 0-100)	0.075	N/A
Percentage with right ventricular pacing >40% (%)	146 (23.1)	267 (24.1)	0.677	N/A	95 (25.5)	89 (23.9)	0.610	N/A
Pre-procedural echocardiographic data
LA size, (mm)	39 ± 7	38 ± 8	0.010	N/A	39 ± 7	39 ± 8	0.895	N/A
LVEDV, (ml)	114 ± 35	110 ± 38	0.049	N/A	114 ± 33	113 ± 39	0.676	N/A
LVESV, (ml)	39 ± 23	37 ± 38	0.065	N/A	38 ± 21	38 ± 24	0.898	N/A
LVEF, (%)	67 ± 12	68 ± 11	0.042	N/A	68 ± 11	67 ± 12	0.876	N/A

Data are presented as or number (%) of patients. ^†Defined as moderate to severe regurgitation or stenosis of aortic, mitral, or tricuspid valves. ^‡Defined as eGFR lower than 60 mL/min/1.73 m² without renal replacement therapy. ^§Defined as the need for peritoneal dialysis, hemodialysis, or renal transplantation. ^||Defined as the history of asthma, or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, or pulmonary fibrosis. ACEi/ARB: angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors/angiotensin receptor blocker; eGFR: estimated glomerular filtration rate; HbA1c: hemoglobin A1c; HDL: high-density lipoprotein; LA: left atrium; LDL: low-density lipoprotein; LVEDV: left ventricular end-diastolic volume; LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction; LVESV: left ventricular end-systolic volume; N/A: not applicable; SMD: standardized mean difference.