Diabetes Increases Risk of Cardiovascular Events in Patients Receiving Permanent Pacemaker: A Propensity Score-Matched Cohort Study
Table 2
Clinical outcomes of the patients with and without diabetes and univariate Cox regression analysis for hazard ratio of diabetes vs. nondiabetes for all outcomes during a nearly 8-year follow-up period.
Before matching
After matching
Diabetes ()
Nondiabetes ()
HR (95% CI)
value
Diabetes ()
Nondiabetes ()
HR (95% CI)
value
Primary outcome
Cardiovascular events
125 (19.8)
139 (12.5)
2.06 (1.61-2.62)
<0.001
70 (18.8)
46 (12.3)
1.82 (1.25-2.63)
0.002
HF hospitalization
94 (14.9)
112 (10.1)
1.91 (1.45-2.52)
<0.001
57 (15.3)
38 (10.2)
1.78 (1.18-2.68)
0.006
AMI
31 (4.9)
27 (2.4)
2.47 (1.47-4.15)
0.001
13 (3.5)
8 (2.1)
1.87 (0.77-4.51)
0.165
Secondary outcomes
Pacemaker infection
16 (2.5)
28 (2.5)
1.00 (0.54-1.87)
0.991
14 (3.8)
8 (2.1)
1.78 (0.74-4.29)
0.200
Major infection
3 (0.5)
4 (0.4)
1.32 (0.29-5.91)
0.718
2 (0.5)
1 (0.3)
2.01 (0.18-22.21)
0.571
Minor infection
13 (2.1)
24 (2.2)
0.95 (0.48-1.88)
0.884
12 (3.2)
7 (1.9)
1.74 (0.68-4.47)
0.251
PICM
105 (16.6)
108 (9.7)
2.24 (1.71-2.93)
<0.001
64 (17.2)
46 (12.3)
1.62 (1.11-2.36)
0.013
Cerebrovascular accident
83 (13.1)
141 (12.7)
1.32 (1.00-1.73)
0.047
56 (15.0)
49 (13.1)
1.33 (0.91-1.95)
0.146
Cardiovascular mortality
56 (8.9)
68 (6.1)
1.81 (1.27-2.58)
0.001
25 (6.7)
21 (5.6)
1.38 (0.77-2.46)
0.279
All-cause mortality
186 (29.4)
237 (21.4)
1.75 (1.44-2.12)
<0.001
95 (25.5)
77 (20.6)
1.41 (1.05-1.92)
0.023
Data are presented as number (%) of patients. AMI: acute myocardial infarction; CI: confidence interval; HF: heart failure; HR: hazard ratio; PICM: pacing-induced cardiomyopathy.
