Effect of Hypertension, Waist-to-Height Ratio, and Their Transitions on the Risk of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: Analysis from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study
Table 3
Baseline characteristics of the study participants (CHARLS 2011).
Characteristics
Total
Male
Female
value
Total, (%)
9843
4629 (47.03%)
5214 (52.97%)
—
Age, years
<0.001
BMI, kg/m2
<0.001
Hukou, (%)
<0.001
Agricultural
8213 (83.44%)
3780 (81.66%)
4433 (85.02%)
Nonagricultural
1577 (16.02%)
824 (17.80%)
753 (14.44%)
Unified residence
52 (0.53%)
25 (0.54%)
27 (0.52%)
No hukou
1 (0.01%)
0 (0.00%)
1 (0.02%)
Residence, (%)
0.093
Urban
3305 (33.58%)
1515 (32.73%)
1790 (34.33%)
Rural
6538 (66.42%)
3114 (67.27%)
3424 (65.67%)
Education, (%)
<0.001
Illiterate
2805 (28.50%)
601 (12.98%)
2204 (42.27%)
Literate
1875 (19.05%)
900 (19.44%)
975 (18.70%)
Primary school
2208 (22.43%)
1286 (27.78%)
922 (17.68%)
Middle school
1972 (20.03%)
1196 (25.84%)
776 (14.88%)
High school or more
983 (9.99%)
646 (13.96%)
337 (6.46%)
Marital status, (%)
<0.001
Married
8639 (87.77%)
4200 (90.73%)
4439 (85.14%)
Others
1204 (12.23%)
429 (9.27%)
775 (14.86%)
Self-reported health, (%)
<0.001
Excellent
304 (3.09%)
180 (3.89%)
124 (2.38%)
Very good
1204 (12.24%)
658 (14.22%)
546 (10.48%)
Good
3235 (32.88%)
1593 (34.42%)
1642 (31.50%)
Fair
3579 (36.37%)
1607 (34.72%)
1972 (37.84%)
Poor
1518 (15.43%)
590 (12.75%)
928 (17.81%)
Smoking, (%)
<0.001
Yes
3883 (39.45%)
3442 (74.36%)
441 (8.46%)
No
5960 (60.55%)
1187 (25.64%)
4773 (91.54%)
Alcohol drinking, (%)
<0.001
Yes
3250 (33.02%)
2584 (55.82%)
666 (12.77%)
No
6593 (66.98%)
2045 (44.18%)
4548 (87.23%)
Hypertension and WHtR status, (%)
<0.001
NHNW
2365 (24.03%)
1520 (32.84%)
845 (16.21%)
HTNW
789 (8.02%)
516 (11.15%)
273 (5.24%)
NHEW
3793 (38.53%)
1436 (31.02%)
2357 (45.21%)
HTEW
2896 (29.42%)
1157 (24.99%)
1739 (33.35%)
Dyslipidemia, (%)
0.212
Yes
3059 (31.08%)
1410 (30.46%)
1649 (31.63%)
No
6784 (68.92%)
3219 (69.54%)
3565 (68.37%)
Note: values were expressed as (%) or mean (SD); BMI: body mass index; NHNW: nonhypertensive with a normal WHtR; HTNW: hypertensive with a normal WHtR; NHEW: nonhypertensive with an elevated WHtR; HTEW: hypertensive with an elevated WHtR. The data from some participants were missing.
