The Impact of Systolic Blood Pressure, Pulse Pressure, and Their Variability on Diabetes Retinopathy among Patients with Type 2 Diabetes

Table 2

Cox regression analysis of risk factors for diabetic retinopathy.

Variables	HR	95% CI	value
Mean systolic blood pressure	1.023	1.019~1.028	<0.001
SD of systolic blood pressure	1.019	1.012~1.026	<0.001
Mean diastolic blood pressure	0.986	0.968~1.005	0.151
SD of diastolic blood pressure	0.999	0.994~1.004	0.601
Mean pulse pressure	1.009	1.002~1.016	0.018
SD of pulse pressure	1.020	1.006~1.034	<0.001
Mean MAP	0.992	0.976~1.009	0.381
SD of MAP	0.996	0.983~1.008	0.496
HbA1c	1.289	1.257~1.321	<0.001
TC	0.999	0.996~1.003	0.701
TG	0.999	0.999~1.000	0.059
HDL-C	0.981	0.976~0.986	<0.001
LDL-C	1.006	1.002~1.010	<0.001

Note: MAP: mean arterial pressure; HbA1c: glycosylated hemoglobin; TC: total cholesterol; TG: triglycerides; HDL-C: high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C: low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HR: risk ratio; CI: confidence interval. Correction for age, gender, and disease course. HRs were for per 1-unit increase of each continuous variable.