Trends in Glycemia between 2002 and 2016 among Incident Youth Cohorts Early in the Course of Type 1 Diabetes: The SEARCH for Diabetes in Youth Study
Table 1
Distribution of clinical and demographic characteristics between 2002 and 2016 among incident youth cohorts with type 1 diabetes.
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2008
2012
2016
value
All ()
446
472
468
453
484
664
592
377
—
Diabetes duration (months): mean (SD)
13.0 (0.33)
8.9 (0.28)
8.3 (0.26)
8.2 (0.25)
10.3 (0.24)
8.6 (0.22)
10.6 (0.32)
13.5 (0.50)
<0.0001
Using insulin pump:
Overall
27 (6.3)
52 (11.3)
36 (7.8)
40 (9.0)
71 (15.0)
90 (13.9)
119 (22.6)
105 (34.5)
<0.0001
Black
1 (2.6)
1 (2.2)
0 (0.0)
1 (2.1)
1 (2.3)
4 (6.4)
8 (9.1)
14 (16.7)
<0.0001
Hispanic
0 (0.0)
1 (2.2)
2 (4.0)
4 (7.4)
5 (8.1)
4 (3.9)
12 (13.8)
28 (26.9)
<0.0001
Other or Unknown
0 (0.0)
0 (0.0)
0 (0.0)
0 (0.0)
0 (0.0)
6 (40.0)
4 (13.3)
5 (29.4)
0.0002
White
26 (7.7)
50 (14.0)
34 (9.9)
35 (10.4)
65 (18.5)
76 (16.3)
95 (27.2)
58 (40.0)
<0.0001
HbA1c: mean (95% CI)
Overall
7.9 (7.7, 8.0)
7.7 (7.6, 7.8)
7.7 (7.6, 7.9)
7.6 (7.4, 7.7)
8.0 (7.9, 8.2)
7.7 (7.5, 7.8)
7.8 (7.7, 8.0)
7.8 (7.6, 8.0)
0.60
Black
8.7 (8.0, 9.5)
8.1 (7.5, 8.7)
8.2 (7.6, 8.9)
8.1 (7.6, 8.7)
9.2 (8.3, 10.0)
8.4 (7.9, 9.0)
8.3 (7.8, 8.7)
9.0 (8.4, 9.5)
0.21
Hispanic
8.1 (7.6, 8.6)
8.0 (7.5, 8.6)
7.6 (7.2, 8.1)
8.1 (7.7, 8.5)
8.2 (7.8, 8.6)
7.7 (7.4, 8.0)
8.0 (7.6, 8.4)
7.9 (7.6, 8.2)
0.74
Other or Unknown
9.7 (7.9, 11.5)
8.6 (7.4, 9.7)
8.5 (7.8, 9.2)
7.3 (6.0, 8.7)
7.5 (6.8, 8.2)
7.8 (7.2, 8.4)
7.4 (6.9, 7.9)
7.2 (6.4, 8.0)
0.002
White
7.7 (7.5, 7.8)
7.6 (7.4, 7.7)
7.6 (7.5, 7.8)
7.4 (7.3, 7.6)
7.9 (7.7, 8.1)
7.5 (7.4, 7.6)
7.7 (7.6, 7.9)
7.6 (7.3, 7.8)
0.95
Suboptimal :
Overall
63 (14.1)
66 (14.0)
69 (14.7)
66 (14.6)
105 (21.7)
112 (16.9)
120 (19.3)
88 (18.1)
0.03
Black
16 (40.0)
12 (25.5)
18 (32.7)
15 (31.3)
22 (50.0)
26 (39.4)
27 (30.3)
45 (48.4)
0.10
Hispanic
11 (26.2)
14 (29.8)
8 (16.0)
16 (28.6)
18 (28.1)
19 (17.8)
25 (27.8)
24 (20.5)
0.49
Other or Unknown
5 (38.5)
4 (30.8)
7 (43.8)
1 (14.3)
1 (5.9)
2 (12.5)
4 (13.3)
2 (11.1)
0.03
White
31 (8.8)
36 (9.9)
36 (10.4)
34 (9.9)
64 (17.8)
65 (13.7)
64 (16.2)
17 (11.4)
0.12
Abbreviation: HbA1c: hemoglobin A1c; ADA: American Diabetes Association. Data were obtained from SEARCH participants with type 1 diabetes who had a baseline visit and a hemoglobin A1c measurement within 30 months of diagnosis. Results were computed using weighted survey procedures. For categorical variables, counts are unweighted, but proportions are weighted. Other race includes Asian/Pacific Islander, Native American, and Other race.
