Prevention and Management of Diabetes-Related Foot Ulcers through Informal Caregiver Involvement: A Systematic Review

Table 4

Diabetes-related foot ulcer management outcomes.

Outcomes	How outcomes were measured	Results	Certainty of evidence	Study IDs
Wound healing	(i) PEDIS classification (Subrata et al.); (ii) DFUAS (Appil et al.); (iii) Not stated (Viswanathan et al.)	All three studies measuring this outcome each reported that there was improved reduction in wound sizes in the intervention groups and the difference was statistically and clinically significant.	⨁⨁◯◯; Low	Subrata et al. (2020); Appil et al. (2020); Viswanathan et al. (2005)
Amputations/surgical interventions	Objectively assessed or counted by the researcher	Each of the two studies that reported this outcome suggested there were lower numbers of amputations and surgical interventions in the intervention groups. However, the difference between groups was not significant in one of the studies (Liang et al.)	⨁⨁◯◯; Low	Liang et al. (2012); Viswanathan et al. (2005)

Key: DFSCBS: Diabetes Foot Sel-care Behaviour Scale; SDSCA: Summary of Diabetes Self-care Activities scale; DFUAS: Diabetes Foot Ulcer Assessment Scale; PEDIS: Perfusion, Extent, Depth, Infection and Sensation; SKILLD: Spoken Knowledge in Low Literacy patients with Diabetes; DKQ: Diabetes Knowledge Questionnaire; DFCS: Diabetes Foot Care Scale.