Longitudinal Associations of Newly Diagnosed Prediabetes and Diabetes with Cognitive Function among Chinese Adults Aged 45 Years and Older
Table 1
Baseline characteristics of participants with different diabetic statuses.
Variables
Baseline survey ()
Baseline diabetic statusa
valuec
Prediabetes ()
Diabetes ()
Othersb ()
Gender
Male
3987 (45.7)
849 (21.3)
444 (11.1)
2694 (67.6)
0.165
Female
4717 (54.1)
952 (20.2)
489 (10.4)
3276 (69.5)
Missing data
12 (0.1)
Age (year)
58.93 (9.76)
59.70 (9.53)
60.39 (10.00)
58.48 (9.76)
<0.001
Marital status
Married
7690 (88.2)
1559 (20.3)
815 (10.6)
5316 (69.1)
0.029
Separated or divorced
95 (1.1)
19 (20.0)
7 (7.4)
69 (72.6)
Widowed
869 (10.0)
208 (23.9)
107 (12.3)
554 (63.8)
Never married
52 (0.6)
15 (28.8)
4 (7.7)
33 (63.5)
Missing data
10 (0.1)
Education level
Primary school or below
5953 (68.3)
1236 (20.8)
641 (10.8)
4076 (68.5)
0.945
Middle school
1797 (20.6)
375 (20.9)
192 (10.7)
1230 (68.4)
High school or above
948 (10.9)
188 (19.8)
98 (10.3)
662 (69.8)
Missing data
18 (0.2)
Ever smoking
Yes
3352 (38.5)
728 (21.7)
381 (11.4)
2243 (66.9)
0.028
No
5362 (61.5)
1074 (20.0)
554 (10.3)
3734 (69.6)
Missing data
2 (0)
Ever drinking
Yes
5357 (61.5)
1073 (20.0)
550 (10.3)
3734 (69.7)
0.018
No
3359 (38.5)
729 (21.7)
385 (11.5)
2245 (66.8)
Self-comment about health
Good
1664 (19.1)
298 (17.9)
208 (12.5)
1158 (69.6)
0.004
Fair
5484 (62.9)
1168 (21.3)
552 (10.1)
3764 (68.6)
Poor
1568 (18.0)
336 (21.4)
175 (11.2)
1057 (67.4)
Hypertension
Yes
2034 (23.3)
500 (24.6)
275 (13.5)
1259 (61.9)
<0.001
No
6651 (76.3)
1298 (19.5)
658 (9.9)
4695 (70.6)
Missing data
31 (0.4)
Dyslipidemia
Yes
689 (7.9)
178 (25.8)
95 (13.8)
416 (60.4)
<0.001
No
7894 (90.6)
1591 (20.2)
831 (10.5)
5472 (69.3)
Missing data
133 (1.5)
Depressive symptoms (CESD-10)
9.06 (5.37)
9.05 (5.42)
8.72 (5.46)
9.12 (5.33)
0.105
Cognitive functioning (overall)
9.71 (5.07)
9.64 (5.08)
9.30 (5.17)
9.80 (5.04)
0.023
TICS
5.56 (3.83)
5.55 (3.82)
5.31 (3.93)
5.59 (3.82)
0.109
Word recall
3.09 (2.00)
3.03 (1.96)
2.83 (2.05)
3.15 (2.00)
<0.001
Complete figure drawing (%)
5267 (60.4)
1082 (20.5)
534 (10.1)
3651 (69.3)
0.192
BMI (kg/m2)
23.43 (3.60)
23.95 (3.77)
24.20 (3.77)
23.15 (3.49)
<0.001
FBG (mg/dL)
106.81 (29.11)
113.25 (7.92)
160.78 (60.33)
96.42 (8.50)
<0.001 (60.33)
HbA1c (%)
5.21 (0.66)
5.34 (0.47)
6.03 (1.42)
5.04 (0.34)
<0.001
BUN (mg/dL)
15.66 (4.55)
16.02 (4.90)
16.00 (4.79)
15.50 (4.39)
<0.001
Creatinine (mg/dL)
0.78 (0.24)
0.80 (0.35)
0.79 (0.21)
0.77 (0.19)
<0.001
Total cholesterol (mg/dL)
193.75 (38.86)
200.56 (40.38)
204.21 (46.96)
190.06 (36.35)
<0.001
TG (mg/dL)
129.66 (103.6)
147.04 (100.97)
207.56 (217.60)
112.24 (61.86)
<0.001
HDL-c (mg/dL)
51.54 (15.15)
50.52 (15.90)
47.01 (16.65)
52.56 (14.51)
<0.001
LDL-c (mg/dL)
117.21 (34.74)
120.49 (37.10)
114.28 (41.13)
116.67 (32.81)
<0.001
Hs-CRP# (mg/dL)
1.01 (1.57)
1.15 (1.81)
1.40 (2.31)
0.90 (1.37)
<0.001
Hemoglobin (g/dL)
14.41 (2.25)
14.57 (2.11)
14.57 (2.36)
14.33 (2.27)
<0.001
Cystatin C (mg/L)
1.02 (0.28)
1.02 (0.35)
1.01 (0.28)
1.02 (0.26)
0.855
Abbreviation: CESD-10: the 10-item Center for Epidemiology Scale for Depression; BMI: body mass index; BUN: blood urea nitrogen; TG: triglyceride; HDL-c: HDL cholesterol; LDL-c: LDL cholesterol; Hs-CRP: high-sensitivity C-reactive protein. Data was presented in mean (SD). #Data was described in median (interquartile range). aDiabetic status was newly diagnosed prediabetes or diabetes assessed according to the 2010 American Diabetes Association (ADA) guidelines. bOthers: individuals without prediabetes or diabetes. cThe Rao-Scott chi-square test for categorical variables and one-way ANOVA test for continuous variables were used to assess the differences between the groups.
