Current Therapeutic Modalities for the Management of Chronic Diabetic Wounds of the Foot

Table 1

Conventional methods and the corrected anomalies in the management of diabetic wounds.

Therapeutic modality	Type of procedure	Facilitated stage of wound healing	Corrected irregularities
Wound debridement and dressing (ultrasound therapy)	Invasive	All	Increases cellular and molecular activity; encourages reepithelialisation; removes callus, necrotic, senescent, and fibrous tissues; removes biofilm
Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS)	Noninvasive	All	Increases wound epithelialisation, contraction, and angiogenesis; increases fibroblast cell proliferation and migration; increases expression of growth factors and macrophage function (phagocytosis); increases protein synthesis; minimises oedema; limits infection
Nanomedicine	Noninvasive	All	Increases cell proliferation, elevates angiogenesis and collagen synthesis, and stimulates cell regeneration and skin reepithelialisation
Shockwave therapy (SWT)	Noninvasive	All	Increases neoangiogenesis and proliferation and reduces inflammatory effects
Hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBOT)	Noninvasive	All	Reduces wounded tissue hypoxia, increases perfusion, regulates inflammatory cytokines, and decreases oedema.; Stimulates fibroblast proliferation, increases collagen synthesis, and promotes neoangiogenesis
Topical oxygen therapy (TOT)	Noninvasive	All	Reduces wounded tissue hypoxia, increases the release growth factors, promotes neoangiogenesis, and promotes wound healing
Photobiomodulation (PBM)	Noninvasive	All	Lessens the inflammatory phase, increases angiogenesis, improves blood flow, improves synthesis and organisation of the extracellular matrix, and reduces pain and infection