Diabetes Management and Outcomes among Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Attending a Renal Service
Table 1
Clinical characteristics of patients with type 2 diabetes both overall and according to insulin treatment status.
Characteristic
Total ()
Insulin treated ()
Noninsulin treated ()
Age (years),
0.019
Male, (%)
170 (63.4)
79 (64.8)
91 (62.3)
0.681
Aboriginal and/or Torres Strait Islander, (%)
7 (2.6)
2 (1.6)
5 (3.4)
0.361
Current smokera, (%)
26 (10.4)
12 (10.5)
14 (10.3)
0.952
Known duration of T2DM (years)b, geometric mean
12
17
8
<0.001
Chronic kidney disease, (%)
265 (98.9)
122 (100.0)
143 (97.9)
0.003
Stage 1
13 (4.9)
2 (1.6)
11 (7.5)
Stage 2
29 (10.8)
7 (5.7)
22 (15.1)
Stage 3a
40 (14.9)
18 (14.8)
22 (15.1)
Stage 3b
64 (23.9)
27 (22.1)
37 (25.3)
Stage 4
67 (25.0)
35 (28.7)
32 (21.9)
Stage 5/ESRD
52 (19.4)
33 (27.0)
19 (13.0)
Missing
3 (1.1)
0 (0)
3 (2.1)
Stages 1-3
146 (55.1)
54 (44.3)
92 (64.3)
0.001
Stages 4-5
119 (44.9)
68 (55.7)
51 (35.7)
Renal biopsy, n (%)
31 (11.6)
18 (14.8)
13 (8.9)
0.136
Comorbidities
Hypertension
249 (92.9)
116 (95.1)
133 (91.1)
0.205
Ischaemic heart disease
106 (39.6)
57 (46.7)
49 (33.6)
0.028
Dyslipidaemia
201 (75.0)
99 (81.1)
102 (69.9)
0.034
Obstructive sleep apnoea
59 (22.0)
33 (27.0)
26 (17.8)
0.069
Cerebrovascular accident
36 (13.4)
17 (13.9)
19 (13.0)
0.826
Heart failure
38 (14.2)
23 (18.9)
15 (10.3)
0.045
Currently on dialysis
40 (14.9)
25 (20.5)
15 (10.3)
0.027
Kidney transplantation
5 (1.9)
4 (3.3)
1 (0.7)
0.181†
Peripheral vascular disease
52 (19.4)
26 (21.3)
26 (17.8)
0.470
Amputation
11 (4.1)
10 (8.2)
1 (0.7)
0.002
Peripheral neuropathy
77 (28.7)
58 (47.5)
19 (13.0)
<0.001
Autonomic neuropathy
4 (1.5)
3 (2.5)
1 (0.7)
0.333†
Diabetic foot disease
26 (9.7)
19 (15.6)
7 (4.8)
0.003
Infections requiring hospital attention
68 (25.4)
38 (31.1)
30 (20.5)
0.047
Retinopathy
65 (24.3)
49 (40.2)
16 (11.0)
<0.001
Cataracts
61 (22.8)
28 (23.0)
33(22.6)
0.946
Depression
39 (14.6)
19 (15.6)
20 (13.7)
0.665
ED attendance for severe hypoglycaemia
4 (1.5)
4 (3.8)
0 (0)
0.042†
Service
Number of nephrology appointments attended
0.001‡
Median (range)
2 (1-16)
2 (1-16)
2 (1-6)
Public diabetes service
38 (14.2)
27 (22.1)
11 (7.5)
0.001
Diabetes educator
13 (4.9)
9 (7.4)
4 (2.7)
0.078
Dietician
32 (11.9)
18 (14.8)
14 (9.6)
0.194
Podiatry
26 (9.7)
21 (17.2)
5 (3.4)
<0.001
Eye review
28 (10.4)
16 (13.1)
12 (8.2)
0.192
Number of emergency department visits
0.007‡
Median (range)
0 (0-11)
1 (0-11)
0 (0-8)
Number of hospital admissions
0.029‡
Median (range)
0 (0-10)
0 (0-5)
0 (0-10)
Pearson’s chi-square test was used for categorical variables, and independent -test was used for continuous variables. †Fisher’s exact test. ‡Mann–Whitney test. a (6.7%) of data unavailable. b (23.9%) of data unavailable. ED: emergency department.
