Research Article
GDF-15 Is Associated with Poor Physical Function in Prefrail Older Adults with Diabetes
Table 1
Characteristics of subjects by GDF-15 tertiles.
| | All | Tertile 1 (30.9) | Tertile 2 (34.6) | Tertile 3 (34.6) | value |
| | Age | | a | a | | 0.004 | | Gender# | | | | | 0.240 | | Male | 43 (39.8) | 10 (23.3) | 17 (39.5) | 16 (37.2) | | | Female | 65 (60.2) | 25 (38.5)a | 19 (29.2) | 21 (32.2) | | | Ethnicity# | | | | | 0.682 | | Chinese | 91 (84.0) | 30 (33.0) | 31 (34.0) | 30 (33.0) | | | Malay | 4 (3.6) | 2 (50) | 0 (30.8) | 2 (50.0) | | | Indian | 13 (12.4) | 3 (23.0) | 5 (38.5) | 5 (38.5) | | | BMI (kg/m2) | | | | | 0.657 | | Employment | | | | | 0.024 | | Working | 30 (30.6)) | 38 (37.1) | 10 (27.7) | 7 (18.9) | | | Unemployed | 13 (13.3) | 5 (14.3) | 5 (13.9) | 3 (8.1) | | | Retired | 50 (51.0) | 16 (45.7) | 20 (55.6) | 24 (64.9) | | | Homemaker | 5 (5.1) | 1 (2.9) | 1 (2.8) | 3 (8.1) | | | Education (years) | | a | b | a,b | <0.001 | | Diabetes | 44 (40.7) | 8 (22.9) | 12 (33.3) | 24 (64.9) | <0.001 | | Hyperlipidaemia | 80 (74.8) | 26 (74.3) | 26 (74.3) | 28 (75.7) | 0.988 | | Hypertension | 63 (58.9) | 18 (51.4) | 19 (54.3) | 26 (70.3) | 0.213 | | Nutrition (median [IQR]) | 14.0 [2.0] | 14.0 [2.0] | 13.0 [1.0] | 14.0 [2.0] | 0.238 | | ≥5% weight loss in past year | 7 (6.5) | 2 (5.7) | 1 (2.8) | 4 (10.8) | 0.373 | | ≥1 ADL impairment | 20 (18.5) | 3 (8.6) | 6 (16.7) | 11 (29.7) | 0.065 | | ≥1 IADL impairment | 56 (29.3) | 4 (11.4) | 6 (16.7) | 12 (32.4) | 0.069 | | Perceived health (EQ-VAS) | | | | | 0.637 | | Physically active | 19 (17.6) | 9 (25.7) | 7 (19.4) | 3 (8.1) | 0.137 | | Depression | 21 (19.4) | 6 (17.1) | 5 (13.9) | 10 (27.0) | 0.335 | | MoCA (median [IQR]) | 27.7 [4.0] | 28.0 [3.0] | 27.0 [4.0] | 27.5 [5.0] | 0.275 | | Sarcopenia (AWGS 2019) | 19 (19.0)) | 6 (17.6) | 6 (18.2) | 7 (21.2) | 0.923 | | Gait speed (m/s) (median [IQR]) | 1.0 [0.5] | 1.1 [0.3]a | 1.0 [0.4] | 0.9 [0.4]a | 0.021 | | Low gait speed | 50 (46.7) | 10 (28.6) | 19 (54.3) | 21 (56.8) | 0.031 | | 5× chair-stand time (sec) | | a | b | a,b | <0.01 | | SPPB score (median [IQR]) | 11.0 [3.0] | 11.0 [2]a | 11.0 [2]b | 9.0 [3]a,b | 0.012 | | | 34 (31.5) | 6 (17.1) | 8 (22.2) | 20 (54.1) | 0.001 | | HGS (kg) (median [IQR]) | 20.3 [10.1] | 19.2 [9.6] | 20.6 [9.3] | 19.9 [13.5] | 0.779 | | Low handgrip | 58 (54.2) | 16 (45.7) | 22 (61.1) | 20 (55.6) | 0.420 | | Poor physical function | 78 (72.2) | 20 (57.1) | 28 (77.8) | 30 (81.1) | 0.051 |
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; ; SPPB: short physical performance battery; HGS: handgrip strength; MoCA: Montreal Cognitive Assessment; ADL: activity of daily living; IADL: instrumental activity of daily living. |
