Association of Obesity Indices with Diabetic Kidney Disease and Diabetic Retinopathy in Type 2 Diabetes: A Real-World Study

Table 1

The characteristics of participants stratified by diabetic complications (DKD or DR).

Variables	DKD+ ()	DKD- ()		DR+ ()	DR- ()		Total ()
Age (years)	58 (51, 66)	55 (48, 62)	<0.05	56.5 (50, 63)	56 (48, 63)	0.186	56 (49, 63)
BMI (kg/m^2)	26.2 (23.8, 28.2)	25.2 (23.3, 27.7)	<0.05	25.2 (23, 27.7)	25.7 (23.6, 27.9)	0.059	25.6 (23.4, 27.9)
Gender (male%)	57.6	58.4	0.801	57.6	59.3	0.613	58.1
Hypertension history (%)	64.1	39.0	<0.05	52.6	43.7	<0.05	47.1
Smoking history (%)	39.1	38.1	0.734	39.1	39.0	0.959	38.4
Education (≥ high school)	56.9	58.9	0.544	50.0	62.7	<0.05	58.3
DM-duration (month)	99 (36, 180)	54 (6, 123)	<0.05	105 (52, 170)	48 (6, 119)	<0.05	66 (12, 139)
CVD history (%)	23.6	14.0	<0.05	16.8	16.7	0.982	17.1
Insulin ever used (%)	47.1	30.0	<0.05	49.7	28.9	<0.05	35.5
SBP (mmHg)	135 (121, 148)	127 (116, 139)	<0.05	132 (118, 147)	129 (117, 141)	0.014	129 (117, 143)
DBP (mmHg)	76 (66, 84)	74 (67, 81)	0.077	74 (66, 82)	74 (68, 82)	0.571	74 (67, 82)
FBG (mmol/L)	7.16 (5.85, 9.48)	7.08 (5.71, 8.88)	0.222	7.17 (6.00, 9.52)	6.99 (5.62, 8.84)	<0.05	7.1 (5.75, 9.05)
HbA1c (%)	9.1 (7.5, 11.0)	8.9 (7.5, 10.7)	0.330	9.2 (7.7, 11.1)	8.8 (7.3, 10.7)	<0.05	9 (7.5, 10.8)
TG (mmol/L)	1.44 (0.97, 2.15)	1.20 (0.86, 1.85)	<0.05	1.26 (0.86, 1.79)	1.29 (0.91, 2.01)	0.083	1.28 (0.89, 1.95)
TC (mmol/L)	4.54 (3.89, 5.43)	4.59 (3.96, 5.31)	0.768	4.49 (3.84, 5.29)	4.61 (3.96, 5.34)	0.130	4.58 (3.95, 5.33)
HDL (mmol/L)	1.08 (0.93, 1.31)	1.11 (0.94, 1.32)	0.147	1.11 (0.95, 1.33)	1.09 (0.93, 1.30)	0.095	1.10 (0.94, 1.31)
LDL (mmol/L)	2.72 (2.12, 3.34)	2.74 (2.18, 3.36)	0.681	2.63 (2.08, 3.21)	2.79 (2.18, 3.41)	<0.05	2.73 (2.16, 3.35)
UACR (mg/g)	132.5 (61.5, 277.0)	16.5 (8.0, 28.0)	<0.05	40.0 (15.0, 125.5)	23.0 (9.0, 62.0)	<0.05	29.0 (11.0,79.0)
eGFR (ml/min/1.73m^2)	98.1 (68.0, 118.9)	111.4 (96.1, 128.4)	<0.05	106.2 (84.7, 124.2)	109.8 (93.3, 126.8)	<0.05	108.5 (89.9, 125.9)
WC (cm)			<0.05			<0.05
HC (cm)	96 (90, 101)	95 (90, 99)	<0.05	94 (89, 99)	95 (90, 100)	<0.05	95 (90, 100)
WHR	0.96 (0.91, 1.00)	0.93 (0.89, 0.98)	<0.05	0.94 (0.89, 0.99)	0.94 (0.90, 0.99)	0.83	0.94 (0.90, 0.99)
VFA (cm^2)	105 (79, 135)	96 (73, 122)	<0.05	93 (68, 124)	100 (77, 128)	<0.05	98 (75, 127)
SFA (cm^2)	175 (143, 219)	172 (136, 212)	0.102	169 (131, 207)	176 (144, 218)	<0.05	173 (138, 214)
FCP (ng/mL)	1.29 (0.74, 1.99)	1.03 (0.64, 1.59)	<0.05	1.00 (0.59, 1.56)	1.16 (0.7, 1.81)	<0.05	1.12 (0.66, 1.75)
C2/C0	2.5 (1.7, 3.7)	2.8 (2.0, 4.1)	<0.05	2.3 (1.6, 3.4)	2.9 (2.0, 4.2)	<0.05	2.7 (1.9, 4.0)
HOMA_IR	2.58 (2.12, 3.40)	2.39 (2.02, 3.01)	<0.05	2.40 (2.0, 2.96)	2.50 (2.07, 3.21)	<0.05	2.44 (2.06, 3.17)

Abbreviations: DKD indicates diabetic kidney disease; DR: diabetic retinopathy; BMI: body mass index; DM: diabetes mellitus; CVD: cardiovascular disease; SBP: systolic blood pressure; DBP: diastolic blood pressure; FBG: fasting blood glucose; HbA1c: glycated hemoglobin; TG: triglyceride; TC: total cholesterol; HDL: high-density lipoprotein; LDL: low-density lipoprotein; UACR: urinary albumin to creatine ratio; eGFR: estimated glomerular filtration rate; WC: waist circumference; HC: hip circumference; WHR: waist to hip circumference ratio; VFA: visceral fat area; SFA: subcutaneous fat area; FCP: fasting C-peptide level; C2/C0: the ratio of postprandial C-peptide level to fasting C-peptide level; HOMA-IR: insulin resistance index.