The Health-Promoting Effects and the Mechanism of Intermittent Fasting

Table 8

Information on negative effects of IF.

Information	Method	Sample feature	Results	Discussion
Ahmet [96]	Nonrandomized controlled experiments on animals	ADF group (); AL group ()	Cardiomyocyte size, diastolic and systolic reserve capacity↓; myocardial fibrosis↑	Chronic ADF in rats leads to the development of diastolic dysfunction and reduced cardiac reserve.
Sushil [55]	Nonrandomized controlled experiments on animals	Wistar strain young adult male and virgin cycling female albino rats divided into the control group and the IF-DR group	Estrous cycle disrupted, ovarian weight, testosterone↓; Glu, LEP, LH↓↓; estradiol↑↑	IF-DR has a negative effect on the reproductive function of female rats and disrupts the estrus cycle of female rats.
Munhoz [98]	Nonrandomized controlled experiments on animals	Wistar rats randomly divided into the control group and the ADF group	LG, BW, IA↓; length of the tibia↓↓; Lee’s index, FM↑; P-Akt (NA)	IF is effective for weight loss, but its long-term safety has been questioned.
Park [107]	Nonrandomized controlled experiments on animals	Sprague-Dawley rats randomly divided into four groups: HP-AL group, HF-AL group, HP-IMF group, HF-IMF group	GT, IR, dyslipidemia↑	Patients with glucose metabolism disorder should not apply this method.
Cherif [106]	Nonrandomized controlled experiments in humans	Males () CS and FS (7 days in between)	3d-IF impaired speed and power through a decrease in vertical stiffness during the initial runs of the second set	3d-IF impaired speed and power through a decrease in vertical stiffness during the initial runs of the second set, 3d-IF improved HDL-C and TG profiles while maintaining TC and LDL-C levels.
Boujelbane [105]	Nonrandomized controlled experiments in humans	Sedentary group (); Physically active group ()	Physically active group: executive function, attention, inhibition, associative memory, and recognition memory↑↑	Elderly people who continue to train at least three times a week during Ramadan may improve their cognitive performance, although sleep quality is impaired.