A Novel Risk Score Model for the Differential Diagnosis of Type 2 Diabetic Nephropathy: A Multicenter Study
Table 1
Basic characteristics of patients enrolled in all subcenters.
Variable
Total ()
Training group ()
Internal validation group ()
External validation group ()
DN ()
NDKD ()
P
DN ()
NDKD ()
P
DN ()
NDKD ()
P
DN ()
NDKD ()
Demographics
Age (years)
0.124
0.125
0.392
0.212
Male (cases) (%)
225 (76.3)
242 (63.2)
<0.001
85 (82.5)
56 (56.6)
<0.001
37 (78.6)
26 (65.0)
0.229
103 (71.0)
160 (65.6)
0.313
BMI (kg/m2)
25.6 (23.8,28.3)
26.7 (23.8,29.2)
0.195
25.7 (23.9,28.1)
26.5 (23.4,29.2)
0.454
25.3 (23.7,29.5)
27.4 (24.7,29.3)
0.268
25.3 (23.3, 28.7)
27.2 (24.7, 29.7)
0.002
Medical history
Diabetes onset age (years)
<0.001
<0.001
0.006
<0.001
Diabetes duration (years)
10.0 (5.0,15.2)
2.0 (1.0,8.5)
<0.001
10.0 (5.0,15.0)
2.0 (0.5,10.0)
<0.001
10.0 (8.0,20.0)
2.5 (0.5,7.8)
<0.001
10.0 (4.0,15.8)
2.0 (1,8)
<0.001
Hypertension history (cases) (%)
253 (86.1)
289 (75.5)
0. 001
88 (85.4)
72 (72.7)
0. 026
39 (83.0)
32 (80.0)
0. 786
126 (87.5)
185 (75.8)
0.006
Hyperlipidemia (cases) (%)
165 (56.1)
231 (60.3)
0.306
68 (66.0)
73 (73.7)
0.232
28 (59.6)
30 (75.0)
0.172
69 (47.9)
128 (52.5)
0.402
History of CHD (cases) (%)
53 (18.0)
58 (15.1)
0.346
17 (16.5)
15 (15.2)
0.792
12 (25.5)
5 (12.5)
0.176
24 (16.7)
38 (15.6)
0.776
Cerebrovascular history (cases) (%)
54 (18.4)
45 (11.7)
0.021
17 (16.5)
8 (8.1)
0.069
10 (21.3)
5 (12.5)
0.395
27 (18.8)
32 (13.1)
0.145
Smoking history (cases) (%)
160 (54.6)
151 (39.5)
<0.001
56 (54.9)
35 (35.4)
0.005
28 (59.6)
12 (30.0)
0.009
76 (52.8)
104 (42.8)
0.059
Drinking history (cases) (%)
109 (37.2)
128 (33.4)
0.329
42 (41.2)
27 (27.3)
0.038
12 (25.5)
12 (30.0)
0.038
55 (38.2)
89 (36.5)
0.745
Family history of T2D (cases) (%)
120 (40.8)
106 (27.8)
0.001
41 (39.8)
28 (28.3)
0.084
18 (38.3)
15 (37.5)
1.000
61 (42.4)
63 (26.0)
0.001
DR (cases) (%)
177 (60.2)
33 (8.6)
<0.001
57 (55.3)
6 (6.1)
<0.001
25 (53.2)
2 (5.0)
<0.001
95 (66.0)
25 (10.2)
<0.001
DPN (cases) (%)
54 (18.3)
16 (4.2)
<0.001
16 (15.5)
3 (3.0)
0.002
13 (27.7)
0 (0.0)
<0.001
25 (17.2)
13 (5.3)
<0.001
DMA (cases) (%)
116 (39.3)
92 (24.1)
<0.001
39 (37.9)
21 (21.2)
0.010
19 (40.4)
10 (25.0)
0.172
58 (40.0)
61 (25.2)
0.003
Laboratory result
HbA1c (%)
7.0 (6.2, 8.1)
6.6 (6.2, 7.2)
0.001
6.7 (6.0, 7.8)
6.7 (6.3, 7.3)
0.865
6.9 (6.2, 7.9)
6.4 (6.0, 7.1)
0.082
7.4 (6.3, 8.2)
6.6 (6.2, 7.2)
<0.001
BUN (mmol/L)
10.1 (7.1, 14.2)
6.3 (5.0, 8.8)
<0.001
12.2 (7.8, 16.8)
7.3 (5.3, 9.5)
<0.001
11.2 (7.7, 15.8)
6.8 (5.1, 9.1)
<0.001
9.2 (6.6, 12.0)
6.0 (4.8, 8.3)
<0.001
Uric acid (μmol/L)
406 (345, 474)
401 (335, 483)
0.240
412 (343, 479)
373 (304, 458)
0.020
398 (345, 462)
376 (340, 455)
0.562
407 (346.476)
408 (344.492)
0.852
eGFR (ml/min/1.73 m2)
43.5 (24.2, 67.1)
77.4 (49.5, 99.4)
<0.001
35.2 (18.8, 61.0)
64.4 (40.5, 94.3)
<0.001
40.2 (22.0, 62.9)
80.0 (48.4, 98.8)
<0.001
50.7 (32.1, 72.8)
79.9 (53.5, 101.6)
<0.001
Proteinuria (cases) (%)
142 (94.7)
129 (92.8)
0.628
100 (97.1)
90 (90.9)
0.063
42 (89.4)
39 (97.5)
0.212
140 (97.2)
228 (93.8)
0.152
Hematuria (cases) (%)
192 (65.3)
287 (74.9)
0.008
60 (58.3)
77 (77.8)
0.004
27 (57.4)
29 (72.5)
0.180
105 (72.9)
181 (74.2)
0.812
24 h UTP (g/24 h)
4.64 (2.42, 8.42)
3.50 (1.31, 7.24)
<0.001
5.04 (2.66, 8.84)
2.73 (0.94, 7.55)
0.008
4.08 (1.36, 9.28)
1.88 (0.55, 4.23)
0.011
4.65 (2.68, 8.09)
4.02 (1.47, 7.60)
0.037
Data are presented as percentages for categorical data, averages () for continuous, normally distributed data, or medians (interquartile range) for continuous, nonnormally distributed data. Diabetes onset age refers to age at enrollment minus the duration of diabetes. When diabetes was newly diagnosed, the duration was recorded as 0 years, and the onset age was equal to the age at enrollment. The results of urine occult blood and urine glucose were stratified in routine urine examination. The test results of “+” – “+ + + +” are defined as hematuria and urine glucose positive. CHD: coronary heart disease; DR: diabetic retinopathy; DPN: diabetic peripheral neuropathy; DMA: diabetic macroangiopathy; BUN: blood urea nitrogen; eGFR: estimated glomerular filtration rate; 24 h UTP: 24-hour urinary total protein quantification.
